Excerpt from Stream Channel Adjustments Following Logging Road Removal in Redwood National Park When roads are constructed across streams, a large amount of fill material (soil) is bulldozed into the stream channel to build the road bed up to grade. A major part of the ongoing watershed restoration program includes the removal of this road fill material from skid trail and haul road stream crossings (figure Excavation of road fill from stream crossings is given high priority because of the relatively high potential for significant erosional damage. For example, during extreme runoff events, plugged culverts may divert streamflow and cause gullying of hillslopes and road beds while saturated stream crossings can fail as destructive debris torrents. Figure 1. Location map of lower Redwood Creek showing Redwood National Park lands in the lower one-third of the basin. Figure 2. Logging road stream crossing before (a) and after (b) excavation. Excavation has uncovered cobbles and boulders that composed the original stream bed. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

The excavation of road fill from stream crossings on former logging roads is a major focus of the watershed restoration program in Redwood National Park. Channel adjustments in response to winter stormflows were measured on 24 newly excavated stream crossings to identify the relative importance of on site independent variables. Two dependent variables, channel erosion and surficial channel bed armor, were regressed on sets of independent variables related to stream hydraulics and stream bank material properties in two series of regression analyses. In the channel erosion series, the final regression equation incorporated as significant predictors (in order of decreasing predictive importance) total stream power, the percent boulder and cobble content of streambank materials, and the percent stream elevation drop composed of organic debris steps. Of primary importance in explaining the variability in channel erosion was total stream power of the peak flow of the study period, which was directly related to channel erosion. The boulder and cobble content of stream bank materials, inversely related to channel erosion, was second most important among predictors. Because the best fit was obtained using the square of this quantity, it is inferred that the potential for erosion decreases as a power function of increasing coarse fragment content of eroding materials, all other factors being equal. The percent of stream elevation drop composed of organic debris steps was inversely related to channel erosion because it provided for energy dissipation and hydraulic resistance. In the channel armor regression series, the final regression equation incorporated (in order of decreasing predictive importance) total stream power and percent of the stream elevation drop composed of organic debris steps as significant predictors. Being inversely related to channel armor, the presence of organic debris steps partially offset the channel armoring demands of total stream power. To minimize channel erosion following stream crossing excavation, consideration must be given to the relative magnitudes of driving forces (stream power) and resisting forces (coarse fragment content of bank material and level of organic debris control of the stream profile). In proposed excavations where resistance to erosion is anticipated to be low and stream power is expected to be high, consideration should be given to channel protective measures such as installation of check dams, importation of rock armor, or emplacement of organic debris.

This document is a cooperative effort among fifteen Federal agencies and partners to produce a common reference on stream corridor restoration. It responds to a growing national and international interest in restoring stream corridors.

"United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region"

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An intimate journey across America, as told by one of its most beloved writers A Penguin Classic In September 1960, John Steinbeck embarked on a journey across America. He felt that he might have lost touch with the country, with its speech, the smell of its grass and trees, its color and quality of light, the pulse of its people. To reassure himself, he set out on a voyage of rediscovery of the American identity, accompanied by a distinguished French poodle named Charley; and riding in a three-quarter-ton pickup truck named Rocinante. His course took him through almost forty states: northward from Long Island to Maine; through the Midwest to Chicago; onward by way of Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana (with which he fell in love), and Idaho to Seattle, south to San Francisco and his birthplace, Salinas; eastward through the Mojave, New Mexico, Arizona, to the vast hospitality of Texas, to New Orleans and a shocking drama of desegregation; finally, on the last leg, through Alabama, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey to New York. Travels with Charley in Search of America is an intimate look at one of America's most beloved writers in the later years of his life—a self-portrait of a man who never wrote an explicit autobiography. Written during a time of upheaval and racial tension in the South—which Steinbeck witnessed firsthand—Travels with Charley is a stunning evocation of America on the eve of a tumultuous decade. This Penguin Classics edition includes an introduction by Jay Parini. For more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.