This report assesses domestic political support for internationalist foreign policy by analyzing the motivations of members of Congress on key foreign policy issues. It includes case studies on major foreign policy debates in recent years, including the use of force, foreign aid, trade policy and U.S.-Russia relations. It also develops a new series of archetypes for describing the foreign policy worldviews of members of the 115th Congress to replace the current stale and unsophisticated labels of internationalist, isolationist, hawk and dove. Report findings emphasize areas of bipartisan cooperation on foreign policy issues given member ideologies.

A growing number of states use private military and security companies (PMSCs) for a variety of tasks, which were traditionally fulfilled by soldiers. This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the law that applies to PMSCs active in situations of armed conflict, focusing on international humanitarian law. It examines the limits in international law on how states may use private actors, taking the debate beyond the question of whether PMSCs are mercenaries. The authors delve into issues such as how PMSCs are bound by humanitarian law, whether their staff are civilians or combatants, and how the use of force in self-defence relates to direct participation in hostilities, a key issue for an industry that operates by exploiting the right to use force in self-defence. Throughout, the authors identify how existing legal obligations, including under state and individual criminal responsibility should play a role in the regulation of the industry.

The ascendency of executive power in the presence of weak parliamentary and societal control has given rise to a need for deliberative forms of diplomacy in international relations. As Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden regularly include members of parliament, party representatives, and representatives of civil society in their delegations to the General Assembly of the United Nations, does this imply that a Nordic model exists? This book reviews the practice of these countries and finds that the role of societal representatives has diminished from participating members of delegations to mere observers. The Nordic examples illuminate the difficulties of achieving international governance through the practice of deliberative democracy.Table of ContentsList of figures, images, and tablesList of abbreviationsPreface1. IntroductionThe problemWhy do the General Assembly and Norden matter?Theory and methodologyPrior research2. Challenges and traditionsDelegation and representation at the United NationsDemocracy and dilemmas at the UN General AssemblyNordic diplomacy at the League of NationsUnisex state actors and the representation of women3. Parliament and UN delegationsThe Scandinavian model: Denmark An anachronism and parliamentarian stronghold: NorwayRoutine, squeeze-out, routine: SwedenBetween Lilliputian and full-scale representation: IcelandMetamorphosis or parliament lost: The Finnish Sonderweg4. The participation of civil societyScandinavian model revisited: DenmarkThe return of the body-snatched: NorwayCorporatism and double universalism: SwedenShort stories: Finland and Iceland5. Conclusions: On the way to deliberative diplomacyArchivesBibliographyAuthor IndexAbout the Author(s)/Editor(s)Norbert G tz, Dr. phil. (2001) in Political Science, Humboldt University Berlin, Docent (2007) in Political History, University of Helsinki, habil. (2009) in Modern History and International Relations, University of Greifswald, is Professor at the Institute of Contemporary History, S dert rn University, Sweden. His publications include the edited volume Regional Cooperation and International Organizations: The Nordic Model in Transnational Alignment (Routledge 2009).

While candidate George W. Bush promised a humble foreign policy, after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks President Bush implemented a highly ambitious and controversial foreign policy agenda. Examining the contentious decision to invade Iraq, the expansion of presidential power in foreign affairs, the apparent unilateralism that challenged established international norms, and the ideological underpinnings of Bushs foreign policy, many articles in this collection demonstrate why the administration proved to be so divisive domestically and internationally. However, other pieces in the collection show the Bush administration pursued more conventional approaches to certain international issues, such as the rising power of China and a nuclear North Korea. This collection thus both challenges some conventional views of Bushs foreign policy and provides a deeper understanding of why George W. Bush is viewed as one of the most controversial foreign policy presidents of the modern era.

This book is designed for undergraduate and graduate students taking courses related to agricultural policy, agricultural economics, or rural development in developing countries.