Excerpt from Earth, Sand-Clay, and Gravel Roads In general, the fig. 7. - Use of wooden breakers to prevent scourolorfreside2 amount Of crown dith should be greater on grades than on level stretches Of road, because the tendency for water to wash away the surface by collecting in and flowing along ruts depends largely upon the steepness of the grade. Also the care with which a road is to be maintained may have an important influence on the amount Of crown that should be given to the surface. It is evident that'a road surface maintained in a smooth uniform condition will shed water off to the side ditches with much less crown than would be required where ruts are allowed to form. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

The purpose of this manual is to provide clear and helpful information for maintaining gravel roads. Very little technical help is available to small agencies that are responsible for managing these roads. Gravel road maintenance has traditionally been "more of an art than a science" and very few formal standards exist. This manual contains guidelines to help answer the questions that arise concerning gravel road maintenance such as: What is enough surface crown? What is too much? What causes corrugation? The information is as nontechnical as possible without sacrificing clear guidelines and instructions on how to do the job right.

Excerpt from The Construction of Sand-Clay and Burnt-Clay Roads The two properties of clays which are of the greatest importance from the standpoint of road building are, first, plasticity, and second, the property of slaking when they first become wet after having been uncovered. A clay is called plastic which becomes sticky or dough like when mixed with a certain amount of water, so that it can be molded or pressed into various shapes which it will retain even after it has been dried. The most plastic of these materials are known technically as ball clays. If a lump of such a clay as this is immersed in water it will usually preserve its form for a long time. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.