This study of Cardinal Richelieu's career as chief minister to Louis XIII of France presents the original research of eight experts in the field. Linking their work is the belief that Richelieu's ministry was a significant moment in the history of early modern France. The authors reject the traditional picture of Richelieu as the single-handed creator of the French absolute state and the original exponent of Realpolitik. Instead they paint a collective portrait of a statesman politically astute but none the less devout. The Richelieu who emerges is in many respects a conservative figure, but one driven by a genuine desire to establish a more just and peaceful society (both in France and in Europe). The emphasis here, then, is more on Richelieu the Cardinal than on Richelieu the secular statesman. The tragedy and irony of his ministry, as the authors also show, was that to maintain himself in power, Richelieu had to behave more like a Renaissance prince than a Counter-Reformation prelate.

A panoramic study of the vibrant literary and intellectual culture that emerged in seventeenth-century France, drawing on the writings of over 100 men and women of letters, 'the generation of 1630', to understand the rise and refinement of the French language and the development of the literary culture of French classicism.

This is a new release of the original 1927 edition.

Richelieu and Mazarin compares these 2 striking, but very different, statesmen and evaluates their careers and achievements. It explores all aspects of the 2 men's careers including their personal characters, and their aims and values.

This easy to read text will be not only be a delight for your child to read, but will also provide a great insight to the foundations of the modern world. You can experience the adventurous times of the birth of the modern era through the eyes of such men as Lorenzo de Medici, Christopher Columbus, Galileo, Newton, Napoleon, Gladstone, and George Washington.