This volume contains the refereed technical papers presented at ES99, the Nineteenth SGES International Conference on Knowledge-Based Systems and Applied Artificial Intelligence, held in Cambridge in December 1999. The papers in this volume present new and innovative developments in the field, divided into sections on knowledge engineering, knowledge discovery, case-based reasoning, learning and knowledge representation and refinement. This is the sixteenth volume in the Research and Development series. The series is essential reading for those who wish to keep up to date with developments in this important field. The Application Stream papers are published as a companion volume under the title Applications and Innovations in Intelligent Systems VII.

M.A. BRAMER University of Portsmouth, UK This volume comprises the refereed technical papers presented at ES200 l, the Twenty-fIrst SGES International Conference on Knowledge Based Systems and Applied ArtifIcial Intelligence, held in Cambridge in December 200 l, together with an invited keynote paper by Professor Derek Sleeman. The conference was organised by SGES, the British Computer Society Specialist Group on Knowledge Based Systems and Applied ArtifIcial Intelligence. The papers in this volume present new and innovative developments in the fIeld, divided into sections on Machine Learning, Constraint Satisfaction, Agents, Knowledge Representation, Knowledge Engineering, and Intelligent Systems. The refereed papers begin with a paper entitled 'Detecting Mismatches Among Experts' Ontologies Acquired Through Knowledge Elicitation', which describes a systematic approach to the analysis of discrepancies within and among experts' ontologies. This paper was judged to be the best refereed technical paper submitted to the conference. The remaining papers are devoted to topics in important areas such as agents, knowledge engineering, knowledge representation, planning and constraint satisfaction, with machine learning again the largest topic covered in terms of the number of papers accepted for publication. This is the eighteenth volume in the Research and Development series. The Application Stream papers are published as a companion volume under the title Applications and Innovations in Intelligent Systems IX.

The past 50 years have witnessed a revolution in computing and related communications technologies. The contributions of industry and university researchers to this revolution are manifest; less widely recognized is the major role the federal government played in launching the computing revolution and sustaining its momentum. Funding a Revolution examines the history of computing since World War II to elucidate the federal government's role in funding computing research, supporting the education of computer scientists and engineers, and equipping university research labs. It reviews the economic rationale for government support of research, characterizes federal support for computing research, and summarizes key historical advances in which government-sponsored research played an important role. Funding a Revolution contains a series of case studies in relational databases, the Internet, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality that demonstrate the complex interactions among government, universities, and industry that have driven the field. It offers a series of lessons that identify factors contributing to the success of the nation's computing enterprise and the government's role within it.

The papers in this volume are the refereed papers presented at AI-2011, the Thirty-first SGAI International Conference on Innovative Techniques and Applications of Artificial Intelligence, held in Cambridge in December 2011 in both the technical and the application streams. They present new and innovative developments and applications, divided into technical stream sections on Planning, Evolutionary Algorithms, Speech and Vision, and Machine Learning, followed by application stream sections on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Machine Learning, Evolutionary Algorithms and AI in Action. The volume also includes the text of short papers presented as posters at the conference. This is the twenty-eighth volume in the Research and Development in Intelligent Systems series, which also incorporates the nineteenth volume in the Applications and Innovations in Intelligent Systems series. These series are essential reading for those who wish to keep up to date with developments in this important field.

The papers in this volume are the refereed papers presented at AI-2010, the Thirtieth SGAI International Conference on Innovative Techniques and Applications of Artificial Intelligence, held in Cambridge in December 2010 in both the technical and the application streams. They present new and innovative developments and applications, divided into technical stream sections on Intelligent Agents; Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining; Evolutionary Algorithms, Bayesian Networks and Model-Based Diagnosis; Machine Learning; Planning and Scheduling, followed by application stream sections on Applications of Machine Learning I and II; AI for Scheduling and AI in Action. The volume also includes the text of short papers presented as posters at the conference. This is the twenty-seventh volume in the Research and Development in Intelligent Systems series, which also incorporates the eighteenth volume in the Applications and Innovations in Intelligent Systems series. These series are essential reading for those who wish to keep up to date with developments in this important field.

The papers in this volume are the refereed papers presented at AI-2012, the Thirty-second SGAI International Conference on Innovative Techniques and Applications of Artificial Intelligence, held in Cambridge in December 2012 in both the technical and the application streams. They present new and innovative developments and applications, divided into technical stream sections on Data Mining, Data Mining and Machine Learning, Planning and Optimisation, and Knowledge Management and Prediction, followed by application stream sections on Language and Classification, Recommendation, Practical Applications and Systems, and Data Mining and Machine Learning. The volume also includes the text of short papers presented as posters at the conference. This is the twenty-ninth volume in the Research and Development in Intelligent Systems series, which also incorporates the twentieth volume in the Applications and Innovations in Intelligent Systems series. These series are essential reading for those who wish to keep up to date with developments in this important field.

M.A. Bramer University of Portsmouth, UK This volume comprises the refereed technical papers presented at ES2ooo, the Twentieth SGES International Conference on Knowledge Based Systems and Applied Artificial Intelligence, held in Cambridge in December 2000, together with an invited keynote paper by Professor Austin Tate. The conference was organised by SGES, the British Computer Society Specialist Group on Knowledge Based Systems and Applied Artificial Intelligence. The papers in this volume present new and innovative developments in the field, divided into sections on learning, case-based reasoning, knowledge representation, knowledge engineering, and belief acquisition and planning. The refereed papers begin with a paper entitled 'A Resource Limited Artificial Immune System for Data Analysis', which describes a machine learning algorithm inspired by the natural immune system. This paper was judged to be the best refereed technical paper submitted to the conference. The considerable growth in interest in machine learning in recent years is well reflected in the content of the next three sections, which comprise four papers on case-based reasoning and nine papers on other areas of machine learning. The remaining papers are devoted to knowledge engineering, knowledge representation, belief acquisition and planning, and include papers on such important emerging topics as knowledge reuse and representing the content of complex multimedia documents on the web. This is the seventeenth volume in the Research and Development series. The Application Stream papers are published as a companion volume under the title Applications and Innovations in Intelligent Systems VIII.

The papers in this volume are the refereed technical papers presented at AI-2008, the Twenty-eighth SGAI International Conference on Innovative Techniques and Applications of Artificial Intelligence, held in Cambridge in December 2008. They present new and innovative developments in the field, divided into sections on CBR and Classification, AI Techniques, Argumentation and Negotiation, Intelligent Systems, From Machine Learning To E-Learning and Decision Making. The volume also includes the text of short papers presented as posters at the conference. This is the twenty-fifth volume in the Research and Development series. The series is essential reading for those who wish to keep up to date with developments in this important field. The Application Stream papers are published as a companion volume under the title Applications and Innovations in Intelligent Systems XVI.

Artificial Intelligence is a component of Encyclopedia of Technology, Information, and Systems Management Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty Encyclopedias. The Theme on Artificial Intelligence provides the essential aspects and fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence: Definition, Trends, Techniques, and Cases; Logic in Artificial Intelligence (AI); Computational Intelligence; Knowledge Based System Development Tools. It is aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College Students, Educators, Professional Practitioners, Research Personnel and Policy Analysts, Managers, and Decision Makers.

The papers in this volume are the refereed technical papers presented at AI-2006, the Twenty-sixth SGAI International Conference on Innovative Techniques and Applications of Artificial Intelligence, held in Cambridge in December 2006. They present new and innovative developments in the field. For the first time the volume also includes the text of short papers presented as posters at the conference.