The National Commission on Social Security Reform--better known as the Greenspan Commission--is widely credited with having addressed the financing crisis the program faced in the 1980s. Today, the Greenspan Commission is cited routinely as a model for resolving divisive political challenges, most recently inspiring the appointment of a bipartisan commission to address the federal deficit. But did the Greenspan Commission really succeed--or did one key member find a way to work around its failure? Robert M. Ball (1914-2008), who led the Social Security Administration for decades and became Social Security's chief advocate and defender, served as House Speaker Tip O'Neill's representative on the Greenspan Commission. In this previously unpublished account, excerpted from Bob Ball's memoirs by his longtime editor Thomas N. Bethel, Ball describes the inner workings of the commission and what really happened. He reveals how the commission deadlocked and how, at the last minute, Ball and White House Chief of Staff James Baker painstakingly negotiated compromises that their principals--Speaker O'Neill and President Reagan--could accept. Ball wrote this account as a cautionary tale, warning: "To suggest that the Greenspan Commission provides a model for resolving questions... would be laughable if it were not so dangerous.... A commission is no substitute for principled commitment. Above all, we should not allow ourselves to fall into the trap of expecting miracles from another Greenspan Commission."

Compact, timely, well-researched, and balanced, this institutional history of Social Security's seventy years shows how the past still influences ongoing reform debates, helping the reader both to understand and evaluate the current partisan arguments on both sides.

A global analysis of the effects of social security reforms on the retirement incentives and labor force trends of older workers. Employment among older men and women has increased dramatically in recent years, reversing a downward trend in the closing decades of the twentieth century. Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World examines how changing retirement incentives have reshaped labor force participation trends among older workers. The chapters feature country-specific analyses for Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. They find that while there is significant heterogeneity across countries, the reforms of recent decades have generally reduced the implicit tax on work at older ages. These changes correlate positively with labor force participation. The studies exploit the variation in the timing and extent of reforms of retirement incentives and employ microeconometric methods to investigate whether this correlation reflects a causal relationship. Policy changes appear to have contributed to rising labor force activity, but other factors like the role of women in the labor force, improved health, and changes in private pensions likely also play important roles.