The traditional approach to diagnosis of virus infectians by isolation of the causative virus is usually both slow and expensive. More recently, the emphasis has been on the direct detection of viruses or viral antigens in clinical specimens. This can be done using established techniques such as immunofluorescence or electron microscopy, or by newly developed biochemical methods. The purpose of this meeting was to review these and other developments in the laboratory diagnosis of virus infections. We would like to thank all those who contributed to the success of this meeting. In particular, we are grateful to the CEC for financial sponsorship, to Professor C. Dow, Director of the Veterinary Research Laboratories, for help in organising the meeting, and to Miss B. Hamilton for her excellent typing of the manuscripts. M S McNulty J B McFerran VII CONTENTS Page Preface V VIRAL DIAGNOSIS BY TIMMUNOFLUORESCENCE P. S. Gardner APPLICATIONS OF IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE IN VETERINARY VIRAL DIAGNOSIS M. S. McNulty and G. M. Allan 15 TAGGING OF VIRAL ANTIGENS USING IMMUNOPEROXIDASE . AND IMMUNOOOLD TEGINlQUES R. Ducatelle, F. Castryck and J. Hoorens 27 DETECTION OF BVD VIRUS IN VlRAEMIC CATTLE BY AN INDIRECT IMMUNOPEROXIDASE TEGINIQUE A. Meyling 37 VIRAL DIAGNOSIS BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY J. D. Almeida 47 CAPTURE ASSAYS FOR THE DETECTION OF VIRUS-SPECIFIC IgM ANTIBODY R. S. Tedder 60 DETECTION . AND IDENTIFICATION OF PAPILLOMAVIRUSES IN BENIGN . AND MALIGNANT 'TIlmJRS OF CATTLE M. S. Campo 72 DETECTION OF VIRAL NUCLEIC ACIDS IN CELL CULTURES .

This book discusses the prominence and implication of the viral diseases that are a major threat to animals around the globe. A number of these diseases have also shown links with human populations, which has implications for public health. This book offers detailed and up-to-date information on viral diseases in livestock and poultry that were and/or are still a problem. Including cutting-edge developments, it also highlights several landmark contributions in the field of virology from India. Additionally, the book features tables and figures showing important clinical data and recommendations, with references for further information. It also explores the economic impact of viral diseases for farmers and the livestock industry, providing several examples. Further, it presents the latest information on viral diseases in global context, with a focus on state-of-art, molecular tools for the development of diagnostics, prophylactics and therapeutics. Lastly, the book also describes the challenges posed by the emerging and transboundary viral infections and our preparedness to counter them.

Advances in Cell and Molecular Diagnostics brings the scientific advances in the translation and validation of cellular and molecular discoveries in medicine into the clinical diagnostic setting. It enumerates the description and application of technological advances in the field of cellular and molecular diagnostic medicine, providing an overview of specialized fields, such as biomarker, genetic marker, screening, DNA-profiling, NGS, cytogenetics, transcriptome, cancer biomarkers, prostate specific antigen, and biomarker toxicologies. In addition, it presents novel discoveries and clinical pathologic correlations, including studies in oncology, infectious diseases, inherited diseases, predisposition to disease, and the description or polymorphisms linked to disease states. This book is a valuable resource for oncologists, practitioners and several members of the biomedical field who are interested in understanding how to apply cutting-edge technologies into diagnostics and healthcare. - Encompasses the current scientific advances in the translation and validation of cellular and molecular discoveries into the clinical diagnostic setting - Explains the application of cellular and molecular diagnostics methodologies in clinical trials - Focuses on translating preclinical tests to the bedside in order to help readers apply the most recent technologies to healthcare

Developments and applications of biosensor platforms for analysis of viral infections including Coronavirus, HIV, Hepatitis, Ebola, Zika, Norovirus, Influenza, SARS etc. Embraces properties, fabrication, and recent research regarding optical, electrochemical, piezoelectric, fluorescence, thermal, magnetic and micromechanical sensor families.

The book gives a comprehensive overview on the knowledge of virus infection relevant for humans and animals. For each virus family the molecular details of the virus particle and the viral replication cycle are described. In the case of virus types with relevance for human and/or animal health the data on molecular biology, genetics and virus-cell interaction are combined with those concerning, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinics, prevention and therapy.

This book is a compilation of the most challenging and significant chapters on the diagnosis and management of important bacterial, fungal, viral, viroid, phytoplasma, non parasitic diseases and various physiological disorders, in various crops. The chapters have been contributed by eminent plant pathologists, having wide experience of teaching and research on various crops with different types of diseases, which cause great economic losses. The book would be very useful for students, teachers and researchers of plant pathology. This book highlights recent advances made in the development of new types of resistance in host plants and alternative strategies for managing plant diseases to improve food quality and reduce the negative public health impact associated with plant diseases. Having entered into 21st century advancements in the Diagnosis of Plant Pathogens and Plant Disease Management need to be closely examined and adequately applied, so that newer challenges facing plant pathology could be adequately addressed in attaining food security for the growing population. Substantial advancements have been made in terms of expanding knowledge base of the biology of plant-microbial interactions, disease management strategies and application and practice of Plant Pathology. Application of molecular biology in Plant Pathology has greatly improved our ability to detect plant pathogens and in increasing our understanding, their ecology and epidemiology. Similarly, new technologies and resources have been evolved for the development of sustainable crop protection systems by different control strategies against various pests and pathogens that are important components of the integrated pest management programme. Natural products and chemical compounds discovered as a result of basic research and molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis have led to the development of “biorational” pesticides. Biological control has been found to be the most significant approach to plant health management during the twentieth century and promises using modern biotechnology, to be even more significant in the twenty-first century.

Viral infections in animals occasionally develop potentially fatal diseases that affect almost all organs. Especially in zoonotic diseases, the causative agents that usually exist in animals can be transmitted between animal species to humans directly or via a vector. Throughout recent history, disease outbreaks and pandemics including SARS, H7N9, Ebola, and COVID-19, have led to a dramatic loss of human life worldwide and harmed economic growth. The most effective strategies for the control of disease are vaccination and early diagnosis. Vaccines directed against viral and bacterial pathogens prevent catastrophic losses of life in humans, other animals, and plants, and are considered among the greatest public health achievements. Rapid and accurate detection of pathogens and identification of the aetiologic agent play a crucial role at every step of disease management. In the case of zoonotic illnesses, early detection of wildlife aids in the establishment of a surveillance system, allowing for the introduction of efficient and timely disease control interventions to prevent transmission from animal to human. At present, variations and deletions in the genome of the virus are of common occurrence during evolution, coupled with the new emerging disease and cross-species disease transmission, which are increasing the potential for the transmissibility and severity of the disease. For this reason, developing safe and effective vaccines, and enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic methods are urgently required. The scope of this research topic will share and discuss findings in the areas of diagnosis of viral diseases or vaccine development for all animal species, including terrestrial and aquatic mammals, fishes, insects, birds, etc.

Recent Advances in Biosensor Technology (Volume 1) is a comprehensive guide to the latest developments in biosensor technology, written by experts in bioengineering and biosensor development. The book is an essential resource for researchers and biomedical engineers interested in the latest developments in biosensor technology. The volume covers the applications of biosensors in different fields. It features 9 chapters that cover key themes in this area, including biosensors for natural bioactive compounds, wearable biosensors in healthcare, 3D bioprinting and biosensors, biosensors for neurodegenerative diseases, protein biosensing and pathogen detection, biosensors for diabetes diagnosis, paper-based biosensors in diagnostics, enzymatic biosensors and their applications, and nanobiosensors in agriculture. One of the key features of this book is its detailed discussion of the novel research findings in biosensor technology, providing readers with the most up-to-date information in the field. Each chapter includes a comprehensive review of relevant literature, as well as practical examples to demonstrate the potential applications of biosensors in various fields. Furthermore, this book includes detailed references for further reading, making it an excellent resource for readers looking to deepen their understanding of biosensor technology.

Advanced Biosensors for Virus Detection: Smart Diagnostics to Combat Against the SARS-CoV2 Pandemic covers the development of biosensor-based approaches for the diagnosis and prognosis of viral infections, specifically coronaviruses. The book discusses wide-ranging topics of available biosensor-based technologies and their application for early viral detection. Sections cover the emergence of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV2, the global health response, the impact on affected populations, state-of-the art biomarkers, and risk factors. Specific focus is given to COVID-19, with coverage of genomic profiling, strain variation and the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV2. In addition, current therapeutics, nano-abled advancements and challenges in the detection of SARS-CoV2 and COVID-19 management are discussed, along with the role of nanomaterials in the development of biosensors and how biosensors can be scaled up for clinical applications and commercialization. - Deals with biosensors-based approaches that could be exploited to design and develop high throughput, rapid and cost-effective diagnostics technologies for the early detection of viral infections - Illustrates the development of multiplexed, miniaturized analytical systems for point-of-care applications - Provides information about fabrication protocols for various biosensor based diagnostic approaches that could be directly implemented to develop a novel biosensor - Includes the past, present and future status of biosensors, along with information about biosensors currently under clinical trials

Crop protection is becoming increasingly important due to the need for food security and to meet growing environmental challenges. This new book, New Advances in Crop Disease Management, provides readers with an updated and comprehensive overview of diverse crop protection strategies with special emphasis on the recent advances in crop protection approaches, fundamental concepts, principles, methodology, relationships, and benefits for crop protection and human health. It covers a variety of disciplines such as plant pathology, biochemistry, cell, and molecular biology, plant physiology, host-pathogen interactions, precision agriculture, decision analysis, disease risk, new ways of exploiting host genetic diversity including host resistance deployment, biological control and microbial interactions, surveillance and detection technologies, and the consequences of climate change and signaling. The book contains twenty chapters and begins with the role of biotechnology and its implications in crop disease detection and protection. It then discusses the plant response to pathogen attack, molecular basis of host-pathogen interaction and induction of defense response, viz., R gene, phytoalexins, etc., and advancement in early detection methodologies. It also delves into induced mutation as new technology for resistant crop development. The last part details the recent approaches and applications of resistant crop lines development, including resistant pulses development approaches, mining and mapping of R genes, gene pyramiding, lactic acid bacteria as biocontrol agents, effecteromics and nanotechnology in crop disease management, and the applications of phytochemicals and CRISPR-Cas in the development of disease resistant crops for future. New Advances in Crop Disease Management will be a key reference in the field of crop science and plant pathology, agriculture for faculty and industry professionals as well as a valuable textbook/reference for undergraduate and graduate students.