Solar energy is the light and radiant heat from the Sun that influences Earth's climate and weather and sustains life. Solar power is synonym with solar energy or more specifically to refer to electricity generated from solar radiation. Solar energy technologies can provide electrical generation by heat engine to use for space heating and cooling in active and passive solar buildings; potable water via distillation and disinfection, day lighting, hot water, thermal energy for cooking, and high temperature process for industrial purposes. Even all of us know about this useful energy, but awareness of researcher about this energy still low level in Malaysia. There are many useful application can designed to sure this energy able to use with more efficient. Due to that awareness, a system that can show the solar panel parameter, like the voltage, current, power produced will be develop. This system used Visual Basic Studio 6.0 software and a hardware circuit to convert the signal from solar panel to a digital signal. This project used Microcontroller Programmable Intelligent Circuit (PIC) 18F4550 as their controller circuit. This PIC18F4550 will control the all the analog input from current sensor and voltage divider then convert it into digital signal before pass through the Universal Serial Bus (BUS), then receive by Visual Basic Studio 6.0. Voltage, current and power value will be displayed at GUI at Visual Basic Studio. This system also has built in database system to record all the data entered.

A reliable and secure protection and control system is a paramount requirement for any electrical network. This book discusses protection and control schemes of various parts of Solar Power Plants (SPP) namely solar generator, inverter, and SPP network connected to the grid. For this purpose small, medium, and large size of solar power energy sources have been considered. This includes residential, commercial buildings and large power plants. There are significant literature about solar energy, modeling and different aspects of integration of SPP to grids. But there is no book to address directly the setting/design of protection and control schemes, testing techniques and fault findings of solar generators and its networks. The topology and characteristics of solar generators and their networks are different from conventional ones. This has caused the following issues: - Conventional protection & control scheme may fail to detect different type of faults which may occur on solar cells/panels/arrays, DC cables, and inverters. This necessitated the requirement of special schemes for the detection of faults in blind spots, - Fault findings required tests, and testing equipment for solar generators are different from conventional ones, - The fault current contribution from solar generators is low (1.1-1.2 pu) as compared to conventional ones. The above problems have caused significant challenges for appropriate setting and design of protection & control scheme of SPP network which in some cases have resulted to several major plants shut down, safety risks and fire incidents. This book discusses the above challenges and proposes mitigation techniques to rectify the deficiencies of existing industry practices for the protection and control systems of solar generators. Most of the content of this book has been observed or successfully applied in the field for various SPPs projects worldwide and consequently can be used or considered as a practical guideline for future projects. Main Objectives of the Book The main objectives of the book are: - To familiarize engineers, technical officers, testers, and project managers with required power system protection and control schemes of solar power plants (SPP). - To provide a guideline for preparation of standards, technical specification, business case, functional scope, test, and commissioning plan as applicable to the installation of new SPP; - To provide adequate information to electricity companies, consultants, contractors, relay manufacturers,s and SPP owners about the requirement of protection and control systems of SPP. Acknowledgment The author wishes to acknowledge that the contents of this book are based on utilizing the following resources: 1) Extensive research of the author for design, specifications, and commissioning of SPPs 2) Experiences of other individuals, electricity companies, and consultants Disclaimer The author is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, up-to-dateness, or quality of the information provided. The author is therefore not liable for any claims regarding damage caused by the use of any information provided. The information in the book should only be used as a guideline and may not be suitable for a specific case. Copyright The material made available is intended for the customer’s personal use only. Author reserves all rights to the book. Therefore the book can not be reproduced or replicated or processed or distributed without the author’s written permission.

A smart building is the state-of-art in building with features that facilitates informed decision making based on the available data through smart metering and IoT sensors. This set provides useful information for developing smart buildings including significant improvement of energy efficiency, implementation of operational improvements and targeting sustainable environment to create an effective customer experience. It includes case studies from industrial results which provide cost effective solutions and integrates the digital SCADE solution. Describes complete implication of smart buildings via industrial, commercial and community platforms Systematically defines energy-efficient buildings, employing power consumption optimization techniques with inclusion of renewable energy sources Covers data centre and cyber security with excellent data storage features for smart buildings Includes systematic and detailed strategies for building air conditioning and lighting Details smart building security propulsion. This set is aimed at graduate students, researchers and professionals in building systems, architectural, and electrical engineering.

The efficiency of solar energy farms requires detailed analytics and information on each panel regarding voltage, current, temperature, and irradiance. Monitoring utility-scale solar arrays was shown to minimize the cost of maintenance and help optimize the performance of the photo-voltaic arrays under various conditions. We describe a project that includes development of machine learning and signal processing algorithms along with a solar array testbed for the purpose of PV monitoring and control. The 18kW PV array testbed consists of 104 panels fitted with smart monitoring devices. Each of these devices embeds sensors, wireless transceivers, and relays that enable continuous monitoring, fault detection, and real-time connection topology changes. The facility enables networked data exchanges via the use of wireless data sharing with servers, fusion and control centers, and mobile devices. We develop machine learning and neural network algorithms for fault classification. In addition, we use weather camera data for cloud movement prediction using kernel regression techniques which serves as the input that guides topology reconfiguration. Camera and satellite sensing of skyline features as well as parameter sensing at each panel provides information for fault detection and power output optimization using topology reconfiguration achieved using programmable actuators (relays) in the SMDs. More specifically, a custom neural network algorithm guides the selection among four standardized topologies. Accuracy in fault detection is demonstrate at the level of 90+% and topology optimization provides increase in power by as much as 16% under shading.

This book includes original, peer-reviewed research papers from the 8th PURPLE MOUNTAIN FORUM on Smart Grid Protection and Control(PMF2023), held in Nanjing, China, on August 11-13, 2023. The accepted papers cover the following topics: 1. Advanced power transmission technology2. AC/DC hybrid power grid technology3. Power Internet of Things Technology and Application4. Operation, control and protection of smart grid5. Active distribution network technology6. Power electronic technology and application7. New technology of substation automation8. Energy storage technology and application9. Application of new technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and big data10. Application of Information and Communication Technology11. Low-carbon energy planning and security12. Low-carbon operation of the power system13. Low-carbon energy comprehensive utilization technology14. Carbon trading and power market15. Carbon emission stream and carbon capture technology16. Energy saving and smart energy technology17. Analysis and evaluation of low-carbon efficiency of power system18. Carbon flow modelling in power system operationThe papers included in this proceeding share the latest research results and practical application examples on the methodologies and algorithms in these areas, which makes the book a valuable reference for researchers, engineers, and university students.

This book contains a collection of high-quality papers describing the results of relevant investigations and cutting-edge technologies, aimed at improving key aspects of real life, including major challenges such as the development of smart cities, smart buildings, smart grids, and the reduction of the impact of human activities on the environment. Sustainability requires the use of green technologies and techniques and good practices. Artificial intelligence seems to be an appropriate approach to optimize the use of resources. The main focus of this book is the dissemination of novel and innovative technologies, techniques and applications of artificial intelligence, computing and information and communications technologies, and new digital services such as digital marketing, smart tourism, smart agriculture, green and renewable energy sources. Besides, this book focuses on nurturing energy trends including renewable energies, smart grids, human activity impact, communication, behaviour, and social development, and quality of life improvement fields based on the innovative use of sensors, big data and the Internet of things (IoT), telecommunications and machine learning.

"PLCs: From Origin to Present and Future Technology" is an authoritative guide that explores the evolution and impact of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) in industrial automation. Authored by Ronald Legarski, a telecommunications and automation expert, this book delves into the history, development, and future trends of PLC technology. It provides a comprehensive understanding of PLCs, from their basic components and programming languages to their integration with emerging technologies like AI and IoT. With industry-specific case studies and practical insights, this book is an essential resource for engineers, professionals, and students aiming to master PLC technology and apply it effectively in modern industrial settings. Whether you're new to the field or an experienced practitioner, this book offers valuable knowledge to help you navigate the complexities of PLC systems and succeed in the rapidly evolving world of industrial automation.

Providing innovative efficient, clean, and safe solutions and research for interfacing internet technology with energy power grids for smart cities and smart transportation, this new volume discusses the use and automation of electricity infrastructures for energy producers and manufacturers, integrating the implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology for distributed energy systems in order to optimize energy efficiency and wastage. This volume offers a wide range of research on using IoT for energy solutions, such as algorithms for the design and control of energy grids, investigations of thermal efficiency from solar grids, energy for smart buildings using IoT, deep learning for electrical load forecasting, hybrid ultracapacitors in solar microgrids, induction motor-driven electric vehicles, power loss reduction and voltage improvement, and much more.

Examines the integration of hardware with stand-alone PV panels and real time monitoring of factors affecting the efficiency of the photovoltaic panels Offers the real time implementation of soft computing and embedded system in the area of solar energy Discusses how soft computing plays a huge role in the prediction of efficiency of stand-alone and grid connected solar PV systems Discusses how embedded system applications with smart monitoring can control and enhance the efficiency of stand-alone and grid connected solar PV systems Explores swarm intelligence techniques for solar PV parameter estimation