The People's Republic of China (PRC) is an old country with a socialist orientation of its characteristics. Thus, actual empowerment and rights recognized by the working force are something that seeks attention. But the age of labor law as well as social movements for guaranteeing worker's rights is a very young legal regime and practice while comparing it with the American counterpart. The Labour Contract Law of PRC started and promulgated in 1994 and the first social movement of workers against employment discrimination happened only at the beginning of this millennium. The social movements of Chinese workers against employment discrimination and passed through right-based litigation gave a clue and hint that workers can guarantee their constitutional rights if properly alleged before courts of law as per constitutional rights. Because the Chinese courts have an active role in judicial activism, it is difficult to say that the Chinese employment discrimination cases are judge-made. Thus, this paper tried to re-examine the 'grand employment discrimination cases in light of the distinguished jurisprudence of theories of discrimination and American adjudication. The paper argued that though the employment discrimination cases of Chinese are at the beginning stage, they are a breakthrough by themselves and should be developed further in light of the basic theories of discrimination and Chinese Courts should draw lessons as well strengthen their independence.

This book attempts to convey some of the challenges that those wielding the law for social change purposes have faced and the successes they have achieved. By intention, it is more a studied appreciation than a critical analysis of their efforts. We asked an international team of consultants to help us document and describe how various law-based strategies have worked in very different settings, to draw out connections between those efforts, and to highlight some of the insights that emerge from grantees' experiences in law-related work. We also asked them to help us learn more about the ways the Foundation has played a role in these efforts. Known as the Global Law Programs Learning Initiative (GLPLI), this effort is not definitive, but rather suggestive. Our goal is to contribute to more serious future reflection and, ultimately, more effective programs in this field.

"Formerly known as the International Citation Manual"--p. xv.

This book examines the institutions and mechanisms for settlement of individual labour disputes in various countries. The number of individual disputes arising from day-to-day workers' grievances or complaints continues to grow in many parts of the world. The chapters in this book cover individual labour dispute settlement systems in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. Each chapter examines and assesses the institutions and mechanisms for settlement of individual labour disputes, including the procedures and powers available, the interaction of these institutions and mechanisms with other labour market institutions (e.g. collective bargaining and labour inspection) and the broader system for resolution of legal disputes (e.g. courts of general jurisdiction, specialist commissions and tribunals).

With socialism largely discredited in recent years, the moral and legal status of private property has become an increasingly important area for discussion in contemporary political and social thought. Offering a contribution to legal theory, and to political and social philosophy, this work examines the two currently dominant traditions - those of neo-conservative utilitarianism and liberal communitarianism - emphasizing the strengths of both approaches and laying the groundwork for a theory to bridge the gap between them.

This report reviews engineering's importance to human, economic, social and cultural development and in addressing the UN Millennium Development Goals. Engineering tends to be viewed as a national issue, but engineering knowledge, companies, conferences and journals, all demonstrate that it is as international as science. The report reviews the role of engineering in development, and covers issues including poverty reduction, sustainable development, climate change mitigation and adaptation. It presents the various fields of engineering around the world and is intended to identify issues and challenges facing engineering, promote better understanding of engineering and its role, and highlight ways of making engineering more attractive to young people, especially women.--Publisher's description.

The internationalization of commerce and contemporary life has led to a globalization of legal standards and practices. The essays in this text explore this new reality and suggest ways in which the new legal order can be made more just and effective.