2 Radiant sets 236 3 Co-radiant sets 239 4 Radiative and co-radiative sets 241 5 Radiant sets with Lipschitz continuous Minkowski gauges 245 6 Star-shaped sets and their kernels 249 7 Separation 251 8 Abstract convex star-shaped sets 255 References 260 11 DIFFERENCES OF CONVEX COMPACTA AND METRIC SPACES OF CON- 263 VEX COMPACTA WITH APPLICATIONS: A SURVEY A. M. Rubinov, A. A. Vladimirov 1 Introduction 264 2 Preliminaries 264 3 Differences of convex compact sets: general approach 266 4 Metric projections and corresponding differences (one-dimensional case) 267 5 The *-difference 269 6 The Demyanov difference 271 7 Geometric and inductive definitions of the D-difference 273 8 Applications to DC and quasidifferentiable functions 276 9 Differences of pairs of set-valued mappings with applications to quasidiff- entiability 278 10 Applications to approximate subdifferentials 280 11 Applications to the approximation of linear set-valued mappings 281 12 The Demyanov metric 282 13 The Bartels-Pallaschke metric 284 14 Hierarchy of the three norms on Qn 285 15 Derivatives 287 16 Distances from convex polyhedra and convergence of convex polyhedra 289 17 Normality of convex sets 290 18 D-regular sets 291 19 Variable D-regular sets 292 20 Optimization 293 References 294 12 CONVEX APPROXIMATORS.

Optimization and optimal control are the main tools in decision making. Because of their numerous applications in various disciplines, research in these areas is accelerating at a rapid pace. “Optimization and Optimal Control: Theory and Applications” brings together the latest developments in these areas of research as well as presents applications of these results to a wide range of real-world problems. This volume can serve as a useful resource for researchers, practitioners, and advanced graduate students of mathematics and engineering working in research areas where results in optimization and optimal control can be applied.

Nonsmooth energy functions govern phenomena which occur frequently in nature and in all areas of life. They constitute a fascinating subject in mathematics and permit the rational understanding of yet unsolved or partially solved questions in mechanics, engineering and economics. This is the first book to provide a complete and rigorous presentation of the quasidifferentiability approach to nonconvex, possibly nonsmooth, energy functions, of the derivation and study of the corresponding variational expressions in mechanics, engineering and economics, and of their numerical treatment. The new variational formulations derived are illustrated by many interesting numerical problems. The techniques presented will permit the reader to check any solution obtained by other heuristic techniques for nonconvex, nonsmooth energy problems. A civil, mechanical or aeronautical engineer can find in the book the only existing mathematically sound technique for the formulation and study of nonconvex, nonsmooth energy problems. Audience: The book will be of interest to pure and applied mathematicians, physicists, researchers in mechanics, civil, mechanical and aeronautical engineers, structural analysts and software developers. It is also suitable for graduate courses in nonlinear mechanics, nonsmooth analysis, applied optimization, control, calculus of variations and computational mechanics.

The goal of the Encyclopedia of Optimization is to introduce the reader to a complete set of topics that show the spectrum of research, the richness of ideas, and the breadth of applications that has come from this field. The second edition builds on the success of the former edition with more than 150 completely new entries, designed to ensure that the reference addresses recent areas where optimization theories and techniques have advanced. Particularly heavy attention resulted in health science and transportation, with entries such as "Algorithms for Genomics", "Optimization and Radiotherapy Treatment Design", and "Crew Scheduling".

The book presents a treatment of topological and differential properties of multivalued mappings and marginal functions. In addition, applications to sensitivity analysis of nonlinear programming problems under perturbations are studied. Properties of marginal functions associated with optimization problems are analyzed under quite general constraints defined by means of multivalued mappings. A unified approach to directional differentiability of functions and multifunctions forms the base of the volume. Nonlinear programming problems involving quasidifferentiable functions are considered as well. A significant part of the results are based on theories and concepts of two former Soviet Union researchers, Demyanov and Rubinov, and have never been published in English before. It contains all the necessary information from multivalued analysis and does not require special knowledge, but assumes basic knowledge of calculus at an undergraduate level.

“Fuzzy Engineering and Operations Research” is the edited outcome of the 5th International Conference on Fuzzy Information and Engineering (ICFIE2011) held during Oct. 15-17, 2011 in Chengdu, China and by the 1st academic conference in establishment of Guangdong Province Operations Research Society (GDORSC) held on Oct. 20, 2011 in Guangzhou, China. The 5th ICFIE2011, built on the success of previous conferences, and the GDORC, first held, are major Symposiums, respectively, for scientists, engineers practitioners and Operation Research (OR) researchers presenting their updated results, developments and applications in all areas of fuzzy information and engineering and OR. It aims to strengthen relations between industry research laboratories and universities, and to create a primary symposium for world scientists in Fuzziology and OR fields. The book contains 62 papers and is divided into five main parts: “Fuzzy Optimization, Logic and Information”, “The mathematical Theory of Fuzzy Systems”, “Fuzzy Engineering Applications and Soft Computing Methods”, “OR and Fuzziology” and “Guess and Review”.

This volume contains a collection of papers based on lectures and presentations delivered at the International Conference on Constructive Nonsmooth Analysis (CNSA) held in St. Petersburg (Russia) from June 18-23, 2012. This conference was organized to mark the 50th anniversary of the birth of nonsmooth analysis and nondifferentiable optimization and was dedicated to J.-J. Moreau and the late B.N. Pshenichnyi, A.M. Rubinov, and N.Z. Shor, whose contributions to NSA and NDO remain invaluable. The first four chapters of the book are devoted to the theory of nonsmooth analysis. Chapters 5-8 contain new results in nonsmooth mechanics and calculus of variations. Chapters 9-13 are related to nondifferentiable optimization, and the volume concludes with four chapters containing interesting and important historical chapters, including tributes to three giants of nonsmooth analysis, convexity, and optimization: Alexandr Alexandrov, Leonid Kantorovich, and Alex Rubinov. The last chapter provides an overview and important snapshots of the 50-year history of convex analysis and optimization.