Jacob Brucker (1696-1770) established the history of philosophy as a philosophical discipline in the 1740s. In order to separate this new discipline from other historical disciplines, he introduced the historiographical concept ‘system of philosophy’. The historian of philosophy should use this concept as a criterion of inclusion of past philosophies, and as an ideal form of exposition. The present book describes the origin of this historiographical notion, its implicit Protestant assumptions, and it traces the concept’s impact upon the methods of history of philosophy and history of ideas, as developed over the following centuries. Finally, it discusses the concept’s strenghts and weaknesses as a historiographical tool, arguing that it ought to be given up.

Collected papers on neutrosophics [such as: ?neutrosophy? - a new branch of philosophy, ?neutrosophic logic? ? a generalization of the fuzzy logic, ?neutrosophic set? ? a generalization of the fuzzy set, and ?neutrosophic probability? ? a generalization of classical probability and imprecise probability] by Florentin Smarandache, Jean Dezert, Andrzej Buller, Mohammad Khoshnevisan, Sarjinder Singh, Sukanto Bhattacharya, Feng Liu, Gh. C. Dinulescu-Campina, Chris Lucas, and Carlos Gershenson.Neutrosophic Logic involved the foundation of the Dezert-Smarandache Theory of Plausible and Paradoxical Reasoning, which has taken into consideration the combination of uncertain and contradictory information, used now in artificial intelligence.