The ability to see deeply affects how human beings perceive and interpret the world around them. For most people, eyesight is part of everyday communication, social activities, educational and professional pursuits, the care of others, and the maintenance of personal health, independence, and mobility. Functioning eyes and vision system can reduce an adult's risk of chronic health conditions, death, falls and injuries, social isolation, depression, and other psychological problems. In children, properly maintained eye and vision health contributes to a child's social development, academic achievement, and better health across the lifespan. The public generally recognizes its reliance on sight and fears its loss, but emphasis on eye and vision health, in general, has not been integrated into daily life to the same extent as other health promotion activities, such as teeth brushing; hand washing; physical and mental exercise; and various injury prevention behaviors. A larger population health approach is needed to engage a wide range of stakeholders in coordinated efforts that can sustain the scope of behavior change. The shaping of socioeconomic environments can eventually lead to new social norms that promote eye and vision health. Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow proposes a new population-centered framework to guide action and coordination among various, and sometimes competing, stakeholders in pursuit of improved eye and vision health and health equity in the United States. Building on the momentum of previous public health efforts, this report also introduces a model for action that highlights different levels of prevention activities across a range of stakeholders and provides specific examples of how population health strategies can be translated into cohesive areas for action at federal, state, and local levels.

More people than ever before have diabetes. The disease affects an estimated 21 million adults and children in the US and many people with the disease don't have it under control. Unlike years ago, you have a good chance of living an active and healthy life with diabetes - provided you work with your health-care team to take the necessary steps to control your blood sugar. This title covers: the pre-diabetes stage - taking charge to prevent diabetes; types of diabetes; symptoms and risk factors; treatments and strategies for managing your blood sugar; avoiding serious complications; advances in insulin delivery and new medications; and, recipes.

Diabetes mellitus is an important public health problem worldwide, and more than 75% of patients who have had diabetes mellitus for more than 20 years will have some sort of retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy correlates with the duration of diabetes; thus with increasing life expectancy, diabetic retinopathy and the ensuing blindness will tend to increase. In view of the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy throughout most of the world, a consultation on prevention of blindness from diabetes mellitus was convened by the World Health Organization to review the current status of diabetic retinopathy care and to define approaches to screening, early detection and management in populations in different settings. This publication reports on the findings of the consultation and provides recommendations and guidelines for the prevention and care of blindness from diabetes mellitus.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common microvascular complication, has consistently been shown to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This book provides complete coverage of DR as a potential marker for CVD in those with diabetes. It succinctly reviews the epidemiological and pathogenic links of DR to various cardiovascular events including stroke, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, and mortality. Furthermore, it discusses the usefulness of DR in CVD risk prediction and cardiovascular safety of anti-VEGF therapy in diabetic patients. There are insights from contemporary diabetic trials that demonstrated the enhanced cardiovascular benefit of novel glucose lowering therapy. It also highlights the potential of novel retinal imaging to predict CVD and its risk factors using the state-of-the art artificial intelligence-based deep learning systems. This book will be an invaluable resource for specialists translating research findings into clinical care, including those in cardiology, endocrinology, ophthalmology, and general practitioners. IT will also be of interest to public health practitioners, researchers, graduate students, and biotech companies interested in developing retinal image-based diagnostic and prognostic tools.

This book explains how to use intravitreal steroids optimally in the management of patients with intraocular inflammation (uveitis) and macular edema. The rationale for this treatment approach is first explained by examining the pathophysiology of these disease entities, with particular attention to the major role of inflammatory processes. Devices for the delivery of steroids to the eye are discussed, and guidance provided on the role of imaging studies before, during, and after steroid therapy. The value of different steroidal approaches is then considered in detail. Other topics addressed include the use of steroids as a surgical adjunct and within a combination strategy. Uveitis and macular edema are common sight-threatening diseases or complications of diabetes and retinal vein occlusion for which no adequate treatment was available until recently. Both trainees and practitioners will find Intravitreal Steroids to be an invaluable aid in combating these blinding diseases.

This book provides a concise overview over the pathology of retinal angiogenic diseases and explains why anti-angiogenic therapy is effective in so many patients. The reader is guided through the various clinical indications for anti-angiogenic therapy and made aware of its merits as well as current challenges and limitations. It is explained how, since its introduction for the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration in 2006, anti-angiogenic therapy has revolutionized the way in which we treat a range of ocular diseases. All of the authors are established experts in their respective fields who share their extensive knowledge and clinical experience with the reader. This book is both a valuable introduction to anti-angiogenic therapy in ophthalmology and a day-to-day companion for all ophthalmologists seeing patients with some of the most prevalent retinal diseases.

Recently developed diagnostic and therapeutic technologies such as OCT-angiography and small gauge vitrectomy have influenced the modern treatment of diabetic retinopathy. This volume provides a summary of the state-of-the-art evidence-based approach to managing complications that may occur with diabetic retinopathy. It offers the latest information on pathogenesis and diagnosis, and highly experienced clinicians review the results of relevant randomized clinical trials that serve as the basis of current therapy. The book provides not only a summary of data from randomized trials but also an analysis and interpretation by internationally renowned experts. Ophthalmology residents, fellows, and practicing clinicians will find this book to be a useful reference when seeking evidence-based treatment strategies for various complications of diabetic retinopathy. It is also for researchers identifying new avenues of drug developments and for insurance professionals and health care policy administrators who are establishing evidence-based therapy guidelines for therapeutic intervention.

Cardiovascular, respiratory, and related conditions cause more than 40 percent of all deaths globally, and their substantial burden is rising, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Their burden extends well beyond health effects to include significant economic and societal consequences. Most of these conditions are related, share risk factors, and have common control measures at the clinical, population, and policy levels. Lives can be extended and improved when these diseases are prevented, detected, and managed. This volume summarizes current knowledge and presents evidence-based interventions that are effective, cost-effective, and scalable in LMICs.

This book covers sports-related eye injuries, presenting standard processes to enable clinical practitioners to make appropriate decisions on the management of these patients. Sports-related activities are responsible for a large percentage of ocular injuries, particularly among young people, and can even lead to blindness. Given the increasing trend in these injuries and the potential functional loss they entail, it is important to understand how to prevent and to accurately diagnose and treat them. This book discusses the definition, etiology, clinical presentations and signs, treatment, and prevention of sports-related eye injuries, and includes typical clinical cases, together with a wealth of images and illustrative figures. Offering a systematic and symptom-based guide to clinical practice, it will help clinical practitioners to fully prepare for the various challenges posed by sports-related eye injuries.

This textbook focuses on the vascular biology and physiology that underlie vascular disorders in clinical medicine. Vascular biomedicine is a rapidly growing field as new molecular mechanisms of vascular health and disease are unraveled. Many of the major cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke and vascular dementia are diseases of the vasculature. In addition vascular injury underpins conditions like kidney failure and cardiovascular complications of diabetes. This field is truly multidisciplinary involving scientists in many domains such as molecular and vascular biology, cardiovascular physiology and pharmacology and immunology and inflammation. Clinically, specialists across multiple disciplines are involved in the management of patients with vascular disorders, including cardiologists, nephrologists, endocrinologists, neurologists and vascular surgeons. This book covers a wide range of topics and provides an overview of the discipline of vascular biomedicine without aiming at in-depth reviews, but rather offering up-to-date knowledge organized in concise and structured chapters, with key points and pertinent references. The structure of the content provides an integrative and translational approach from basic science (e.g. stem cells) to clinical medicine (e.g. cardiovascular disease). The content of this book is targeted to those who are new in the field of vascular biology and vascular medicine and is ideal for medical students, graduate and postgraduate students, clinical fellows and academic clinicians with an interest in the vascular biology and physiology of cardiovascular disease and related pathologies.