This updated edition of the industry standard reference on power system frequency control provides practical, systematic and flexible algorithms for regulating load frequency, offering new solutions to the technical challenges introduced by the escalating role of distributed generation and renewable energy sources in smart electric grids. The author emphasizes the physical constraints and practical engineering issues related to frequency in a deregulated environment, while fostering a conceptual understanding of frequency regulation and robust control techniques. The resulting control strategies bridge the gap between advantageous robust controls and traditional power system design, and are supplemented by real-time simulations. The impacts of low inertia and damping effect on system frequency in the presence of increased distributed and renewable penetration are given particular consideration, as the bulk synchronous machines of conventional frequency control are rendered ineffective in emerging grid environments where distributed/variable units with little or no rotating mass become dominant. Frequency stability and control issues relevant to the exciting new field of microgrids are also undertaken in this new edition. As frequency control becomes increasingly significant in the design of ever-more complex power systems, this expert guide ensures engineers are prepared to deploy smart grids with optimal functionality.

Frequency control as a major function of automatic generation control is one of the important control problems in electric power system design and operation, and is becoming more signi?cant today because of the increasing size, changing structure, emerging new uncertainties, environmental constraints and the complexity of power systems. In the last two decades, many studies have focused on damping control and vo- age stability and the related issues, but there has been much less work on the power system frequency control analysis and synthesis. While some aspects of frequency control have been illustrated along with individual chapters, many conferences and technical papers, a comprehensive and sensible practical explanation of robust f- quency control in a book form is necessary. This book provides a thorough understanding of the basic principles of power system frequency behaviour in wide range of operating conditions. It uses simple frequency response models, control structures and mathematical algorithms to adapt modern robust control theorems with frequency control issue and conceptual exp- nations. Most developed control strategies are examined by real-time simulations. Practical methods for computer analysis and design are emphasized. This book emphasizes the physical and engineering aspects of the power s- tem frequency control design problem, providing a conceptual understanding of frequency regulation, and application of robust control techniques. The main aim is to develop an appropriate intuition relative to the robust load frequency regulation problem in real-world power systems, rather than to describe sophisticated mat- matical analytical methods.

Modern Aspects of Power System Frequency Stability and Control describes recently-developed tools, analyses, developments and new approaches in power system frequency, stability and control, filling a gap that, until the last few years, has been unavailable to power system engineers. - Deals with specific practical issues relating to power system frequency, control and stability - Focuses on low-inertia and smart grid systems - Describes the fundamental processes by which the frequency response requirements of power systems in daily operation are calculated, together with a description of the actual means of calculation of these requirements

Frequency Variations in Power Systems: Modeling, State Estimation and Control presents the Frequency Divider Formula (FDF); a unique approach that defines, calculates and estimates the frequency in electrical energy systems. This authoritative book is written by two noted researchers on the topic. They define the meaning of frequency of an electrical quantity (such as voltage and current) in non-stationary conditions (for example the frequency is not equal to the nominal one) and pose the foundation of the frequency divider formula. The book describes the consequences of using a variable frequency in power system modelling and simulations, in state estimation and frequency control applications. In addition, the authors include a discussion on the applications of the frequency divider in systems where part of the generation is not based on synchronous machines, but rather on converter-interfaced energy resources, such as wind and solar power plants. This important book: Offers a review that clearly defines and shows how the Frequency Divider Formula can be applied Discusses the link between frequency and energy in power systems Presents a unified vision that accurately reveals the common thread that links modelling, control and estimation Includes information on the many implications that “local frequency variations” have on power system dynamics and control Contains several numerical examples Written for researchers, academic staff members, students, specialised consultants and professional software developers, Frequency Variations in Power Systems questions the conventional transient stability model of power system and proposes a new formulation.

This title presents a balanced blend between classical and intelligent load frequency control techniques, which is detrminant for continous supply of power loads. The classical control techniques introduced in this book include PID, pole placement, observer-based state feedback, static and dynamic output feedback controllers while the intelligent control techniques explained here are of adaptive fuzzy control types. This book will analyze and design different decentralized LF controllers in order to maintain the frequency deviations of each power area within the limits and keep the tie-line power flow between different power areas at the scheduled levels.

This book presents the research and development results on power systems oscillations in three categories of analytical methods. First is damping torque analysis which was proposed in 1960’s, further developed between 1980-1990, and widely used in industry. Second is modal analysis which developed between the 1980’s and 1990’s as the most powerful method. Finally the linearized equal-area criterion analysis that is proposed and developed recently. The book covers three main types of controllers: Power System Stabilizer (PSS), FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) stabilizer, and ESS (Energy Storage Systems) stabilizer. The book provides a systematic and detailed introduction on the subject as the reference for industry applications and academic research.

POWER SYSTEM MONITORING AND CONTROL An invaluable resource for addressing the myriad critical technical engineering considerations in modern electric power system design and operation Power System Monitoring and Control (PSMC) is becoming increasingly significant in the design, planning, and operation of modern electric power systems. In response to the existing challenge of integrating advanced metering, computation, communication, and control into appropriate levels of PSMC, Power System Monitoring and Control presents a comprehensive overview of the basic principles and key technologies for the monitoring, protection, and control of contemporary wide-area power systems. A variety of topical issues are addressed, including renewable energy sources, smart grids, wide area stabilizing, coordinated voltage regulation and angle oscillation damping—as well as the advantages of phasor measurement units (PMUs) and global positioning system (GPS) time signal. Analysis and synthesis examples, along with case studies, add depth and clarity to all topics. Provides an up-to-date and comprehensive reference for researchers and engineers working on wide-area PSMC Links fundamental concepts of PSMC, advanced metering and control theory/techniques, and practical engineering considerations Covers PSMC problem understanding, design, practical aspects, and topics such as smart grid and coordinated angle oscillation damping and voltage regulation Incorporates the authors’ experiences teaching and researching in international locales including Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, and Australia Power System Monitoring and Control is ideally suited for a graduate course on this topic. It is also a practical reference for researchers and professional engineers working in power system monitoring, dynamic stability and control.

Power System Frequency Control: Modeling and Advances evaluates the control schemata, secondary controllers, stability improvement methods, optimization considerations, microgrids, multi-microgrids, and real-time validation required to model and analyze the dynamic behavior of frequency in power systems. Chapters review a range of advanced modeling and analytical considerations for single to multi-area networks using traditional and hybrid sources, including renewable sources, FACT devices and storage. The work also considers broad aspects of upstream and downstream control mechanisms which enable novel solutions in the area of automatic generation control in power system networks. Highly recommended for power system engineers, researchers and practitioners with interests in load frequency control, automatic generation control, linearized models of isolated microgrid, and multi-microgrid, and hybrid LFC scheme, this book is an ideal resource on the topics discussed. - Explains the function and purpose of power network frequency loops, including primary control, secondary control and emergency control loops - Models LFC schemes from single-area to multi-area interconnected power systems - Demonstrates five fundamental controller designs alongside their main error principles - Evaluates dynamic response analysis with transient performance stated for modern indices - Discusses performance studies such as state-space modeling, random loading, sensitivity and stability analyses

Automatic generation control (AGC) is one of the most important control problems in the design and operation of interconnected power systems. Its significance continues to grow as a result of several factors: the changing structure and increasing size, complexity, and functionality of power systems, the rapid emergence (and uncertainty) of renewable energy sources, developments in power generation/consumption technologies, and environmental constraints. Delving into the fundamentals of power system AGC, Intelligent Automatic Generation Control explores ways to make the infrastructures of tomorrow smarter and more flexible. These frameworks must be able to handle complex multi-objective regulation optimization problems, and they must be highly diversified in terms of policies, control strategies, and wide distribution in demand and supply sources—all via an intelligent scheme. The core of such intelligent systems should be based on efficient, adaptable algorithms, advanced information technology, and fast communication devices to ensure that the AGC systems can maintain generation-load balance following serious disturbances. This book addresses several new schemes using intelligent control techniques for simultaneous minimization of system frequency deviation and tie-line power changes, which is required for successful operation of interconnected power systems. It also concentrates on physical and engineering aspects and examines several developed control strategies using real-time simulations. This reference will prove useful for engineers and operators in power system planning and operation, as well as academic researchers and students in field of electrical engineering.

This book aims to provide insights on new trends in power systems operation and control and to present, in detail, analysis methods of the power system behavior (mainly its dynamics) as well as the mathematical models for the main components of power plants and the control systems implemented in dispatch centers. Particularly, evaluation methods for rotor angle stability and voltage stability as well as control mechanism of the frequency and voltage are described. Illustrative examples and graphical representations help readers across many disciplines acquire ample knowledge on the respective subjects.