The volume is a collection of essays about prominent Polish 20th century philosophers of science and scientists who were concerned with problems in the philosophy of science. The contribution made by Polish logicians, especially those from the Lvov-Warsaw School, like Łukasiewicz, Kotarbiński, Czeżowski or Ajdukiewicz, is already well known. One of the aims of the volume is to offer a broader perspective. The papers collected here are devoted to the work of such philosophers as Zawirski, Metallmann, Dąmbska, Mehlberg, Szaniawski and Giedymin as well as to the work of such scientists as Smoluchowski, Fleck, Infeld and Chyliński. The introduction to the volume, written by the editor and Jacek Jadacki, presents an overview of the history of the Polish philosophy of science from the foundation of the Cracow Academy (in 1364) to the present.

Solving the problem of the negative impact of science and technology on society and the environment is indeed the greatest challenge of our time. To date, this challenge has been taken up by few professional philosophers of science, making this volume a welcome contribution to the general debate. Agazzi’s treatment involves viewing modern science and technology as each constituting systems. Against the background of this approach, he provides a penetrating analysis of science, technology and ethics, and their interrelations. Agazzi sees the solution to the problem as lying in the moral sphere and including a multilateral assumption of responsibility on the part of decision makers both within and outside of science.

Finland is internationally known as one of the leading centers of twentieth century analytic philosophy. This volume offers for the first time an overall survey of the Finnish analytic school. The rise of this trend is illustrated by original articles of Edward Westermarck, Eino Kaila, Georg Henrik von Wright, and Jaakko Hintikka. Contributions of Finnish philosophers are then systematically discussed in the fields of logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of science, history of philosophy, ethics and social philosophy. Metaphilosophical reflections on the nature of philosophy are highlighted by the Finnish dialogue between analytic philosophy, phenomenology, pragmatism, and critical theory.

The volume deals with ontological and semantical issues concerning things, facts and events. Ontology tells us about what there is, whereas semantics provides answers to how we refer to what there is. Basic ontological categories are commonly accepted along with basic linguistic types, and linguistic types are accepted as basic if and because they refer to acknowledged ontological categories. In that sense, both disciplines are concerned with structure - the structure of the world and the structure of our language. An extended introduction overviews the topic as a whole, presenting in detail its history and the main contemporary approaches and discussions. More than 20 contributions by internationally acknowledged scholars make the volume a comprehensive study of some very fundamental philosophical entities.

This volume compares the western ideas of knowledge with the African. It aims at creating a mirror through which the western knowledge culture can look at itself through an unusual and interesting angle. The culture of Sub-Saharan Africa is the substance from which we, in this book, have tried to construe an epistemological mirror.

Jan Salamucha was born on the 10th of June 1903 in Warsaw and murdered on the 11th of August 1944 in Warsaw during the Warsaw Uprising very early on in his scholarly career. He is the most original representative of the branch of the Lvov-Warsaw School known as the Cracow Circle. The Circle was a grouping of scholars who were interested in reconstructing scholasticism and Christian philosophy in general by means of mathematical logic. As Jan Lukasiewicz’s successor in the area of logic and Konstanty Michalski’s student in the area of the history of medieval thought, Salamucha had an excellent preparation for this task. His main achievements include a masterful logical analysis of the proof ex motu for the existence of God, a modern interpretation of analogical notions and a comprehensive approach to the problem of essence. He also contributed several historical studies: he examined Aristotle’s theory of deduction (and found contradictions in it), he reconstructed William Ockham’s propositional logic and established the authenticity of his treatise on insolubilia, and he identified the historical sources of the antinomies in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. He did not shy away from popularizing philosophy, and in that work he was able to elucidate rather than oversimplify the complexities of philosophy.

Scientific Study from the year 2021 in the subject Philosophy - Theoretical (Realisation, Science, Logic, Language), University of Catania (Department of Sciences of Formation), language: English, abstract: This work, which is the result of a series of studies dating back to my first Polish stay at the “Adam Mickiewicz” University in Poznań in 2008 and which is the most updated version of the edition published for the first time in Italian in 2016, would never have been completed without the vital human and material support of Professor Francesco Coniglione of the University of Catania. Polish philosophy of the twentieth century provided original and fundamental contributions to the development of the most important questions of logic, epistemology, and philosophy that for a long time have kept occupied the most acute minds of Western culture. However, due to a series of barriers that are very difficult to break down, few people know that many of the most important philosophical and logical-epistemological themes provided to us by the authors mentioned above have been widely and simultaneously dealt with by the leading exponents of twentieth-century Polish philosophy, who have anticipated and developed some of the most important logical-epistemological reflections of the twentieth century; moreover, some of them have become promoters and creators of the so-called idealizational conception of science. The idealizational conception of science was developed and elaborated with greater awareness and systematicity by the Polish philosopher Leszek Nowak (object of study of this work) and by the other methodologists of the Poznań School. So, in this work I will consider Nowak’s idealizational approach to science, the distinction between abstraction and idealization and the relationship of Nowak’s approach with contemporary epistemology.

Preliminary Material -- PREFACE -- IDEALIZATION AND CONCRETIZATION IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES -- PLATO'S PHILOSOPHY AND THE ESSENCE OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD -- THE IDEALIZATIONAL THEORY OF SCIENCE AND PHYSICS OF THE MICROWORLD -- THE IDEALIZATIONAL CONCEPTION OF SCIENCE AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION -- ON KINDS OF KNOWLEDGE -- SCIENTIFIC AND EVERYDAY KNOWLEDGE -- UNIVERSALITY OF SCIENTIFIC LAWS -- THE ROLE OF THEORY IN PHYSICAL SCIENCES -- THE LEIBNIZ-EINSTEIN PRINCIPLE OF THE MINIMIZATION OF PREMISES -- ON KINDS OF INTERPRETATION PROCEDURES IN SCIENCE -- THE PROBLEM OF THE RATIONALITY OF SCIENCE -- PRINCIPLES AND KINDS OF SCIENTIFIC RATIONALITY -- THE RATIONALITY OF SCIENCE AND LIMITATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS -- WHAT HAS CHANGED IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF SCIENCE? -- TYPES OF DETERMINATION VS. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN HISTORICAL EPISTEMOLOGY -- RELATION OF CORRESPONDENCE AND LOGICAL CONSEQUENCE -- EXPERIMENT AND SCIENCE -- HEGEL'S HISTORICISM AND CONTEMPORARY CONCEPTIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE -- ARE THERE DEFINITIVELY FALSIFYING PROCEDURES IN SCIENCE? -- ON THE SO-CALLED COMPLEMENTARY EXPERIMENTS. THE EXAMPLE OF FIZEAU'S AND MICHELSON'S EXPERIMENTS -- TESTABILITY OF KNOWLEDGE AT VARIOUS LEVELS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT -- ATOMISTIC EMPIRICISM OR HOLISTIC EMPIRICISM? -- THE NOTION OF AN AD HOC HYPOTHESIS -- ON THE PECULIARITY OF PHYSICS AND ITS DIVISIONS -- MODELS OF RATIONALITY IN PHYSICS -- TRANSCENDENTAL PHILOSOPHY AND PHYSICS OF THE MICROWORLD -- THE UNIVERSALITY OF SCIENTIFIC LAWS AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE -- ASPECTS OF THE PROBLEM OF THE SPATIOTEMPORAL INFINITY OF THE WORLD -- THE PECULIAR STATUS OF COSMOLOGY AS A SCIENCE -- THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE AND CONTEMPORARY COSMOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY -- NEWTON'S FIELDS OF STUDY AND METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES -- HEGEL AND CONTEMPORARY NATURAL SCIENCES -- UNITY OR VARIETY OF NATURE? -- THE PLACE OF PROCESSES IN THE STRUCTURE OF REALITY -- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND THE CURRENT TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE -- HEGEL'S CATEGORY OF TOTALITY AND HIS CONCEPT OF STATE -- THE BEING OF BEINGS IN HEIDEGGER'S SEIN UND ZEIT -- REFERENCES -- POZNAŃ STUDIES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE SCIENCES AND THE HUMANITIES.

This 2004 book provides the foundations for the view that the mind extends beyond the boundary of the individual.

The Development of Mathematics Between the World Wars traces the transformation of scientific life within mathematical communities during the interwar period in Central and Eastern Europe, specifically in Germany, Russia, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. Throughout the book, in-depth mathematical analyses and examples are included for the benefit of the reader.World War I heavily affected academic life. In European countries, many talented researchers and students were killed in action and scientific activities were halted to resume only in the postwar years. However, this inhibition turned out to be a catalyst for the birth of a new generation of mathematicians, for the emergence of new ideas and theories and for the surprising creation of new and outstanding scientific schools.The final four chapters are not restricted to Central and Eastern Europe and deal with the development of mathematics between World War I and World War II. After describing the general state of mathematics at the end of the 19th century and the first third of the 20th century, three case studies dealing with selected mathematical disciplines are presented (set theory, potential theory, combinatorics), in a way accessible to a broad audience of mathematicians as well as historians of mathematics.