A survey experiment of pion production at 180° in nucleus-nucleus collisions is presented. Beams of 1.05 GeV/A and 2.1 GeV/A protons, alphas, and carbon were used, as well as proton beams of 0.80 GeV, 3.5 GeV, and 4.89 GeV, and argon beams of 1.05 GeV/A and 1.83 GeV/A. This is the first such experiment to use the heavier beams. Targets used ranged from carbon to lead. An in-depth review of the literature, both experimental and theoretical, is also presented. The systematics of the data are discussed, and comparisons are made both with prior experiments and with the predictions of the models reviewed. The cross sections appear consistent with a simple single nucleon-nucleon collision picture, without the need for collective or other exotic effects. Suggestions for future work are made.

Two years ago, at the 12th Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics held here in Snowbird, the authors presented WA80 limits on direct photon production in 200-GeV 32S + Au collisions. It was found that the results were consistent (within 1[sigma]) with the absence of an excess of photons over those that can be accounted for by the two-photon decay branches of [pi]° and [eta] mesons and by the small photon contributions from other radiative decays. They are in the process of finalizing the direct-photon production results from collisions of lead nuclei at 158 GeV/nucleon. The author briefly discusses the status of the analysis and gives some preliminary results at the end of this talk. However, most of this presentation is concerned with a very different aspect of the photon measurements: distributions of neutral pions. In contrast to direct photons which probe initial collision conditions, hadrons, such as neutral pions, interact strongly and decouple late in the reaction evolution and, thus, provide information concerning the system at freeze out. Transverse momentum spectra at low and intermediate p{sub T} relate to thermodynamic and hydrodynamic descriptions of the hot, dense systems. In addition, the high-p{sub T} region reflects the hard-scattering regime and may help one understand initial-state particle production by forming a bridge to proton-proton and proton-nucleus results. It follows that it is essential that the [pi]° measurements cover a large p{sub T} range.

A general review of experimental data on pion production in A-A collisions for incident energies below a few GeV/nucleon is presented. Early data on inclusive pion spectra, which served as the genesis for present pion measurements, are discussed. The majority of the paper is devoted to present pion experiments, with an emphasis being placed on what such experiments tell about the general features of high-energy A-A collisions. Particular attention is given to multipion production as studied in recent streamer chamber experiments. The review ends with projections on future experiments with the heavier beams that will be available in 1982 at Berkeley, and the higher-energy beams that will hopefully be available in the not too distant future. 39 figures.