During July 1990. a group of 83 physicists from 43 laboratories in 21 countries met in Erice for the 28th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics. The countries represented were: Algeria. Canada. Chile. China. Czechoslovakia. Denmark. France. the Federal Republic of Germany. Greece. Holland. India. Italy. Pakistan. Peru. Poland. Sweden. Switzerland. Turkey. the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. the United Kingdom. and the United States of America. The School was sponsored by the European Physical Society (EPS). the Italian Ministry of Education (MPI). the Italian Ministry of University and Scientific Research. the Sicilian Regional Government (ERS). and the Weizmann Institute of Science. The new topic discussed in some detail at the School was QCD phenomenology at 200 TeV. This energy frontier represents the goal for subnuclear physics after LHC and sse. The main lecturers were T.D. Lee. L. Cifarelli. Y. Dokshitzer and A. Ringwald. There are two possibilities. one optimistic. the other pessimistic. LHC and SSC can produce remarkable discoveries. In this case. the need to go to higher energies will be obvious. In the pessimistic case. LHC and SSC will produce the strongest evidence for the validity of the Standard Model. The need for higher energies will be impelled. In neither case can we wait. If the 200 TeV frontier is to be reached within our lifetime we need to start now: thinking and preparing the tools. Theory and R&D for future detectors are the basic points of the 200 TeV frontier.

The book gives a quite complete and up-to-date picture of the Standard Theory with an historical perspective, with a collection of articles written by some of the protagonists of present particle physics. The theoretical developments are described together with the most up-to-date experimental tests, including the discovery of the Higgs Boson and the measurement of its mass as well as the most precise measurements of the top mass, giving the reader a complete description of our present understanding of particle physics.

During July 1991. a group of 99 physicists from 57 laboratories in 27 countries met in Erice for the 29th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics. The countries represented were: Algeria. Argentina. Austria. Brazil. Canada. China. France. Germany. Greece. India. Ireland. Israel. Italy. New Zealand. Norway. Pakistan. Poland. Portugal. Rumania. Spain. Sweden. Switzerland. Thailand. Turkey. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. the United Kingdom. and the United States of America. The School was sponsored by the European Physical Society (EPS). the Italian Ministry of Education (MPI). the Italian Ministry of University and Scientific Research. the Sicilian Regional Government (ERS). and the Weizmann Institute of Science. The opening lecture of the School was given by Professor Lev Okun. A few remarks are in order. In the pre-Gorbachev era. Professor Okun's case was the most difficult: in spite of many invitations he was not allowed to come and lecture at Erice. Nowadays the hard times have nearly been forgotten. It is with pleasure that I recall here a discussion I had with my friend Lev Okun in my house during one of his rare visits to CERN. The after-dinner topic was Galileo Galilei and his great discovery; i. e . • the equality between gravitational and inertial masses - a discovery that we are celebrating now. four hundred years later. Here is a synthesis of Professor Okun's position: given a massive particle. the only quantity we should consider when talking about masses.

The International School on Physics and Astrophysics of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR2000) was held at the Observatoire de Paris–Meudon on June 26-29, 2000. This was the ?rst international school speci?cally dedicated to ultra high energy cosmic rays. Its aim was to familiarize with and attract students, physicists and astronomers into this quickly developing newresearch ?eld. The mysterious and currently unknown origin of the most energetic par- cles observed in Nature has triggered in recent years theoretical speculations ranging from electromagnetic acceleration to as yet undiscovered physics - yond the Standard Model. It has also lead to the development of several new detection concepts and experimental projects, some of which are currently - der construction. By its nature, the ?eld of ultra high energy cosmic rays is therefore highly interdisciplinary and borrows from astrophysics and cosmology, via particle physics, to experimental physics and observational astronomy. One main aspect of the school was to emphasize and take advantage of this interd- ciplinarity. The lectures were grouped into subtopics and are reproduced in this volume in the following order: After a general introductory lecture on cosmic rays follow two contributions on experimental detection techniques, followed by three lectures on acceleration in astrophysical objects. The next four contri- tions cover all major aspects of propagation and interactions of ultra high energy radiation, including speculative issues such as newinteractions.

This volume contains the invited and contributed papers presented at the Fourth International Conference on Perspectives in Hadronic Physics and sent to the Editors within the deadline. The Conference was held at the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy, from May 12th to 16th, 2003, and was attended by about 100 scientists from 20 countries. The series ofConferences on Perspectives on Hadronic Physics takes place every two years since 1997 and follows the seven Workshops on Perspectives in Nuclear Physics at Intermediate Energies, organized every two years at ICTP since 1983. The aim of these Conferences is to discuss the status-of-the-art concerning the experimental and theoretical investigations of hadronic systems, from nucleons to nuclei and dense nuclear matter, in terms of the relevant underlying degrees of freedom. For such a reason the Fourth Conference has been focused on those experimental and theoretical topics which have been in the last few years the object of intensive investigations, viz. the various approaches employed to describe the structure of hadrons in terms of QCD and QCD inspired models, the recent developments in the treatment of the properties and propagations of hadronic states in the medium, the relevant progress done in the solution of the few- and many- hadron problems, the recent results in the experimental investigation of dense hadronic matter and, last but not least, the physics programs of existing Laboratories and the suggested projects for new Facilities.

For the Galvani Bicentenary Celebrations, the University of Bologna and its Academy of Sciences singled out subnuclear physics as the field of scientific research to be associated with this important event, as it would best illustrate, for the new generation of students, the challenge inherent in fundamental sciences.Subnuclear physics was born 50 years ago and has represented, ever since, the new frontiers of Galilean science. In his opening lecture delivered on the first day of the new academic year, Professor Antonino Zichichi analytically reviewed the basic conceptual developments and main discoveries achieved in subnuclear physics during the last 50 years. Given the importance of this field of fundamental research, Professor Zichichi was invited to expand the contents of his lecture into a book, and the outcome is this invaluable volume.

Issues in Astronomy and Astrophysics / 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Astronomy and Astrophysics. The editors have built Issues in Astronomy and Astrophysics: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Astronomy and Astrophysics in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Astronomy and Astrophysics: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

This is a collection of important lecture and original articles and commentaries by Martin Perl, discoverer of the tau lepton and the third generation of elementary particles, and this year's Nobel Prize winner. This book contains a fascinating and realistic picture of experimental science based on the high energy physics research work carried out by him. Using reprints of his articles with his commentaries, the author presents the various aspects of experimental research in science: the pleasures and risks of experimental work; the pain and frustration with experiments that are useless or fail; the dreaming about experiments that were not carried out; the constant search for innovation and creativity in the work; and the special joy of discovery. The articles and commentaries range from the early days of bubble chambers and spark chambers in the 1950's to the author's present research, experiments at an electron-positron collider and a search for free quarks. The book is for the general reader as well as the scientist.

Twenty-five years of Schladming Winter School 1. The Start Twenty-five years ago P. Urban had the idea of organizing a winter school in the Austrian mountains. The very concept of a school was not new: to bring physicists together in an environment which differs totally from the daily world of institutes and laboratories, to contrast hard classroom work in lectures by distinguished speakers with a relaxed atmosphere, to provide opportunities for entering newly developing fields and exchanging ideas, all this had already resulted in a few summer schools in southern Europe and the US. The idea of combining physics with skiing rather than swimming was, however, new. After some sampling by a few younger members of Ur ban's group, Schladming was selected as an appropriate place. At that time skiing was not very much developed here; there were few lifts, but a road to Hochwurzen and a regular bus service opened at least one longer track. The first meeting took place in a classroom of the local school, w here some 40 participants were squeezed into benches designed for children. In the next year we moved into the dining hall of a small inn, which does not exist any more (an attempt to serve beer during the lectures was stopped by the orga nizing committee). Only in later years did we find a permanent home here in the Stadtsaal.

The 1997 International Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics was held at the campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and at the Jerusalem Renaissance Hotel, from August 19th to August 25th, 1997. This was the first time that the European Physical Society had its High Energy Physics Conference outside the boundary of Europe. A total of 550 physicists participated in the conference with a total of 250 presentations in the parallel sessions and 26 presentations in the plenary sessions. The Board of the of the High Energy and Particle Physics division (HEPP) of the EPS acted as the Scientific Organizing Committee. The Board acknowl edges the help of the International Advisory Committee as well as that of the Local Organizing Committee. The conference was co-organized by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and by the Weizmann Institute of Science, with important help by physi cists from the Israeli Institute of Technology (Technion) and the Tel Aviv University.