Refers to Barddaman District, West Bengal.

Contributed articles presented at two seminars on regional planning and participatory rural development predominantly on West Bengal held at Dept. of Economics with Rural Development, Vidyasagar University.

This book explores the controversy in political science surrounding the civil society/social capital paradigm, by studying the performance of decentralized governments in West Bengal and Bangladesh. Gram panchayats and NGOs provide the focus of the study. The study intends to determine whether a growth in social capital can explain why decentralized governments seem to be more effective in West Bengal, though both areas decentralized their governments around the same time. The two regions have shared for centuries a common history, civic culture, ethnic identity and language, though religion led to the separation of the regions.

Development Planning Is A Dynamic Process Of Desired Change In The Historical Flows Of Men, Materials And Products. The Change May Be Slow But Steady Or Drastic. In Decentralised Planning, However, Drastic Changes In Historical Flows Are Constrained By Regional And National Priorities. The Work Marshals The Fundamentals Of Economics, Political Science And Public Administration To Develop A Conceptualisation Of De¬Centralisation, Panchayati Raj Institutions And District Planning. Besides, It Examines The Experiences Of Indian States, Particularly That Of Punjab.The Issues Are Organised In Four Broad Parts : Part I, On Decentralisation, Scans Through The Theoretical Foundations And Planning Experiences In Respect Of Decentralisation. Part Ii, On Panchayati Raj Local Self-Government Institutions, Dilates On The Punjab Panchayati Raj Bill, 1994 And Panchayat Finances. Part Hi, On Agro-Climatic Regional Planning Strategy Examines The Relevance Of Agro-Climatic Regionalisation At District Level. Part Iv, On District Development Planning Strategy, Examines The District'S Strengths And Weaknessess In Terms Of Population And Workforce, Income Flows, Non-Agriculture Enterprises And Agricultural Enterprises. In The Final Round, It Develops A Development Strategy For The District Economy. The Work Will Be Useful To Policy Makers, Planners, Students Of Development And Institutional Economics, Public Administration And Political Science, And Trainers And Trainees Of State And District Planning Institutes.

Papers presented at a symposium organized by the Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi.

Over the past three decades the developing world has seen increasing devolution of political and economic power to local governments. Decentralization is considered an important element of participatory democracy and, along with privatization and deregulation, represents a substantial reduction in the authority of national governments over economic policy. The contributors to Decentralization and Local Governance in Developing Countries examine this institutional transformation from comparative and interdisciplinary perspectives, offering detailed case studies of decentralization in eight countries: Bolivia, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, South Africa, and Uganda. Some of these countries witnessed an unprecedented "big bang" shift toward comprehensive political and economic decentralization: Bolivia in 1995 and Indonesia after the fall of Suharto in 1998. Brazil and India decentralized in an uneven and more gradual manner. In some other countries (such as Pakistan), devolution represented an instrument for consolidation of power of a nondemocratic national government. In China, local governments were granted much economic but little political power. South Africa made the transition from the undemocratic decentralization of apartheid to decentralization under a democratic constitution. The studies provide a comparative perspective on the political and economic context within which decentralization took place, and how this shaped its design and possible impact. Contributors Omar Azfar, Gianpaolo Baiocchi, Pranab Bardhan, Shubham Chaudhuri, Ali Cheema, Jean-Paul Faguet, Bert Hofman, Kai Kaiser, Philip E. Keefer, Asim Ijaz Khwaja, Justin Yifu Lin, Mingxing Liu, Jeffrey Livingston, Patrick Meagher, Dilip Mookherjee, Ambar Narayan, Adnan Qadir, Ran Tao, Tara Vishwanath, Martin Wittenberg

Annotation: The religious philosophy of Mahatama Budh called Pratityasamutpada delves deep into the causes of our worldly pains and sorrows. Budh treated caste, change and possibility as the basis of his philosophy. However, the views of different philosophers differ.