Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay discusses the proposed plan to offset the dramatic decline in the bay's native oysters by introducing disease-resistant reproductive Suminoe oysters from Asia. It suggests this move should be delayed until more is known about the environmental risks, even though carefully regulated cultivation of sterile Asian oysters in contained areas could help the local industry and researchers. It is also noted that even though these oysters eat the excess algae caused by pollution, it could take decades before there are enough of them to improve water quality.

Oyster reef restoration may enhance the production of ecologically or economically important fish species, an ecosystem service, by providing refuge and foraging habitat. Predicting the effects of oyster habitat restoration on fisheries production in Chesapeake Bay requires a better understanding of fish habitat use, trophic dynamics, and the processes leading to production on a habitat-scale. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the influence of restored subtidal oyster reefs on the abundance and foraging patterns of mobile estuarine fishes. Specifically, I compared the 1) abundance, 2) stomach fullness, 3) diet composition, and 4) daily consumption rate of fishes collected from restored oyster reef habitat and from unstructured (control) habitat in the Lynnhaven River System (LRS), Virginia, a tributary of Chesapeake Bay. I sampled fishes from April – October 2016 to assess seasonal abundance and diet trends using multi-panel gill nets, and conducted 24-hour sampling events in July and September 2016 to assess daily foraging patterns and estimate habitat-specific consumption rates. The most abundant non-filter feeding fishes collected all came from the Sciaenid (drum) family: spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), silver perch (Bairdiella chrysoura), and Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus). Overall catch in oyster reef habitat was reduced relative to unstructured bottom, but species-level responses to habitat type varied. Stomach fullness trends varied by species but were associated with habitat type. Benthic prey dominated the diet of all three species, and evidence of habitat-related shifts in diet composition were apparent. Reef-affiliated prey contributed most prominently to silver perch, comprising nearly 30 – 50 % by weight. The daily consumption rate and total daily caloric intake of silver perch foraging in oyster reef habitat were nearly double the estimates from control habitat. The results suggest restored oyster reefs influence habitat use and foraging behavior in species-specific manners, likely a result of differences in functional morphology and prey preference. Restored oyster reefs in the LRS likely act as valuable forage habitat for silver perch, an important trophic link in coastal and estuarine systems. Developing realistic estimates of fisheries production on a habitat-scale requires studying species-specific trophic dynamics. Empirical estimates of the processes contributing to production are necessary to better understand the functional role of restored oyster reefs in shallow estuarine and coastal systems, and the ecosystem services these reefs may provide.

The restoration of habitat has become a priority for many citizens and governments as the ecological and societal benefits of these habitats have been become more widely recognised. This publication is intended to provide foundational information to serve as a useful starting pointfor shellfish reef restoration.

Global declines in fish stocks over the past several decades have been caused by a combination of factors, including overfishing, habitat destruction, and water quality degradation. Despite the complexity of the problem, fisheries management traditionally focuses on effort reductions for individual fish stocks to rebuild populations. This single species management approach is often unsuccessful. Habitat restoration, however, is rarely included in management strategies and few studies have addressed the effectiveness of habitat restoration as a fisheries management tool. In the coastal southeast United States, the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica is an economically and ecologically important species. Oysters act as ecosystem engineers by building structurally dynamic reefs, providing habitat, cycling nutrients, and filtering water, thereby increasing water clarity. Oyster population declines have motivated state agencies, academic institutions, and local communities to initiate oyster reef habitat restoration projects. In addition to augmenting oyster populations, the restored reefs also provide essential habitat for a variety of economically and ecologically important fish and shellfish including black sea bass (Centropristis striata), gag grouper (Mycteroperca microlepis), sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus), gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus), and stone crab (Menippe mercenaria). The potential for restored oyster reefs to enhance the abundance and population growth rate of reef associated fish, and thereby offset catch reduction, has not been fully examined. This research assessed the biological and economic effectiveness of oyster restoration as a fisheries management tool for black sea bass. We hypothesize that: (H1) population growth rate of black sea bass will increase with increasing oyster reef area; and (H2) that the extent of oyster reef necessary to reach a stable population growth rate for black sea bass would be greater than the current area of r.

INVESTIGATIVE REPORTERS & EDITORS Book Award, Finalist 2014 "A fascinating discussion of a multifaceted issue and a passionate call to action" --Kirkus From the acclaimed author of Four Fish and The Omega Principle, Paul Greenberg uncovers the tragic unraveling of the nation’s seafood supply—telling the surprising story of why Americans stopped eating from their own waters in American Catch In 2005, the United States imported five billion pounds of seafood, nearly double what we imported twenty years earlier. Bizarrely, during that same period, our seafood exports quadrupled. American Catch examines New York oysters, Gulf shrimp, and Alaskan salmon to reveal how it came to be that 91 percent of the seafood Americans eat is foreign. In the 1920s, the average New Yorker ate six hundred local oysters a year. Today, the only edible oysters lie outside city limits. Following the trail of environmental desecration, Greenberg comes to view the New York City oyster as a reminder of what is lost when local waters are not valued as a food source. Farther south, a different catastrophe threatens another seafood-rich environment. When Greenberg visits the Gulf of Mexico, he arrives expecting to learn of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill’s lingering effects on shrimpers, but instead finds that the more immediate threat to business comes from overseas. Asian-farmed shrimp—cheap, abundant, and a perfect vehicle for the frying and sauces Americans love—have flooded the American market. Finally, Greenberg visits Bristol Bay, Alaska, home to the biggest wild sockeye salmon run left in the world. A pristine, productive fishery, Bristol Bay is now at great risk: The proposed Pebble Mine project could under¬mine the very spawning grounds that make this great run possible. In his search to discover why this pre¬cious renewable resource isn’t better protected, Green¬berg encounters a shocking truth: the great majority of Alaskan salmon is sent out of the country, much of it to Asia. Sockeye salmon is one of the most nutritionally dense animal proteins on the planet, yet Americans are shipping it abroad. Despite the challenges, hope abounds. In New York, Greenberg connects an oyster restoration project with a vision for how the bivalves might save the city from rising tides. In the Gulf, shrimpers band together to offer local catch direct to consumers. And in Bristol Bay, fishermen, environmentalists, and local Alaskans gather to roadblock Pebble Mine. With American Catch, Paul Greenberg proposes a way to break the current destructive patterns of consumption and return American catch back to American eaters.

Innovative Methods of Marine Ecosystem Restoration offers a ray of hope in an increasingly gloomy scenario. This book is the first presentation of revolutionary new methods for restoring damaged marine ecosystems. It discusses new techniques for greatly increasing the recruitment, growth, survival, and resistance to stress of marine ecosystems, fis

Mangrove forests, seagrass beds, and coral reefs are circumtropical ecosystems that are highly productive, and provide many important biological functions and economic services. These ecosystems cover large surface areas in the shallow tropical coastal seascape but have suffered from serious human degradation, especially in the last few decades. Part of their diversity, productivity, and functioning seems to be based on their juxtaposition. Especially in the last decade significant advances have been made on new insights into their ecological connectivity. This authoritative book provides a first-time comprehensive review of the major ecological interactions across tropical marine ecosystems that result from the mutual exchange of nutrients, organic matter, fish, and crustaceans. A group of leading authors from around the world reviews the patterns and underlying mechanisms of important biogeochemical and biological linkages among tropical coastal ecosystems in 15 chapters. Included are chapters that review cutting-edge tools to study and quantify these linkages, the importance of such linkages for fisheries, and how tropical ecosystems should be conserved and managed for sustainable use by future generations. The book uses examples from all over the world and provides an up-to-date review of the latest published literature. This book is a ‘must read’ for professionals working on the conservation, management, and ecology of mangrove, seagrass and coral reef ecosystems.

U.S. mariculture production of bivalve molluscs-those cultivated in the marine environment-has roughly doubled over the last 25 years. Although mariculture operations may expand the production of seafood without additional exploitation of wild populations, they still depend upon and affect natural ecosystems and ecosystem services. Every additional animal has an incremental effect arising from food extraction and waste excretion. Increasing domestic seafood production in the United States in an environmentally and socially responsible way will likely require the use of policy tools, such as best management practices (BMPs) and performance standards. BMPs represent one approach to protecting against undesirable consequences of mariculture. An alternative approach to voluntary or mandatory BMPs is the establishment of performance standards for mariculture. Variability in environmental conditions makes it difficult to develop BMPs that are sufficiently flexible and adaptable to protect ecosystem integrity across a broad range of locations and conditions. An alternative that measures performance in sustaining key indicators of ecosystem state and function may be more effective. Because BMPs address mariculture methods rather than monitoring actual ecosystem responses, they do not guarantee that detrimental ecosystem impacts will be controlled or that unacceptable impact will be avoided. Ecosystem Concepts for Sustainable Bivalve Mariculture finds that while performance standards can be applied for some broad ecosystem indicators, BMPs may be more appropriate for addressing parameters that change from site to site, such as the species being cultured, different culture methods, and various environmental conditions. This book takes an in-depth look at the environmental, social, and economic issues to present recommendations for sustainable bivalve mariculture.

M. F. K. Fisher, whom John Updike has called our “poet of the appetites,” here pays tribute to that most enigmatic of ocean creatures, the oyster. As she tells of oysters found in stews, in soups, roasted, baked, fried, prepared à la Rockefeller or au naturel—and of the pearls sometimes found therein—Fisher describes her mother’s joy at encountering oyster loaf in a girls’ dorm in the 1890s, recalls her own initiation into the “strange cold succulence” of raw oysters as a young woman in Marseille and Dijon, and explores both the bivalve’s famed aphrodisiac properties and its equally notorious gut-wrenching powers. Plumbing the “dreadful but exciting” life of the oyster, Fisher invites readers to share in the comforts and delights that this delicate edible evokes, and enchants us along the way with her characteristically wise and witty prose. “Consider the Oyster marks M. F. K. Fisher’s emergence as a storyteller so confident that she can maneuver a reader through a narrative in which recipes enhance instead of interrupt the reader’s attention to the tales. She approaches a recipe as a published dream or wish, and the stories she tells here...are also stories of the pleasures and disillusionments of dreams fulfilled.”—PATRICIA STORACE, The New York Review of Books “Since Lewis Carroll no one had written charmingly about that indecisively sexed bivalve until Mrs. Fisher came along with her Consider the Oyster. Surely this will stand for some time as the most judicious treatment in English.”—CLIFFTON FADIMAN