This engaging study traces the development of closed captioning—a field that emerged in the 1970s and 1980s from decades-long developments in cinematic subtitling, courtroom stenography, and education for the deaf. Gregory J. Downey discusses how digital computers, coupled with human mental and physical skills, made live television captioning possible. Downey's survey includess the hidden information workers who mediate between live audiovisual action and the production of visual track and written records. His work examines communication technology, human geography, and the place of labor in a technologically complex and spatially fragmented world. Illustrating the ways in which technological development grows out of government regulation, education innovation, professional profit-seeking, and social activism, this interdisciplinary study combines insights from several fields, among them the history of technology, human geography, mass communication, and information studies.

The history of subtitles in Europe / Jan Ivarsson -- Screen translation in mainland China / Qian Shaochang -- Subtitling in Japan / Karima Fumitoshi -- The history of subtitling in Korea / Lee Young Koo -- The two worlds of subtitling : the case of vulgarisms and sexually-oriented language / Gilbert C.F. Fong -- A functional gap between dubbing and subtitling / He Yuanjian -- Subtitling as a multi-modal translation / Chuang Ying-ting -- Let the words do the talking : the nature and art of subtitling / Gilbert C.F. Fong -- A critical evaluation of a Chinese subtitled version of Hitchcock's Spellbound / Chapman Chen -- I translate, you adapt, they dub / Sergio Patou-Patucchi -- The translation of film dialogues for dubbing / Zhang Chunbai -- Loss of meaning in dubbing / Lu Danjun -- Dubbing and subtitling : art or craft? / Rupert Chan -- Translation imperative : synchronise discipline and technique / Janet Tauro -- Translating understanding and non-understanding through subtitling : a case study of a Finnish subtitled translation of Comme des Rois / Kari Jokelainen -- Translating subtitles for the Hong Kong audience : limitations and difficulties / Shu Kei -- Surtitling for Xiqu (Chinese opera) in the theatre / Jessica W.Y. Yeung -- The pedagogy of subtitling / Corinne Imhauser.

This volume is concerned with the profession and discipline of interpretation. The range of perspectives presented in this collection of essays exemplifies the rich diversity of the profession as we know it today. Interpreting has been known to exist through the ages, though it was not necessarily considered a profession as such. We can attribute the current standing of the practice, in large part, to the historical circumstances which determined it and the efforts of those who responded to the need for communication within these circumstances. In the same way, our anticipation of future needs and the measures we are taking to prepare our next generation of interpreters to meet them will undoubtedly shape the direction our profession takes in the 21st century. The contributors to this volume are practicing interpreters, teachers of interpretation, and administrators.

The late twentieth-century transition from a paper-oriented to a media-oriented society has triggered the emergence of Audiovisual Translation as the most dynamic and fastest developing trend within Translation Studies. The growing interest in this area is a clear indication that this discipline is going to set the agenda for the theory, research, training and practice of translation in the twenty-first century. Even so, this remains a largely underdeveloped field and much needs to be done to put Screen Translation, Multimedia Translation or the wider implications of Audiovisual Translation on a par with other fields within Translation Studies. In this light, this collection of essays reflects not only the “state of the art” in the research and teaching of Audiovisual Translation, but also the professionals' experiences. The different contributions cover issues ranging from reflections on professional activities, to theory, the impact of ideology on Audiovisual Translation, and the practices of teaching and researching this new and challenging discipline.In expanding further the ground covered by the John Benjamins' book (Multi)Media Translation (2001), this book seeks to provide readers with a deeper insight into some of the specific concepts, problems, aims and terminology of Audiovisual Translation, and, by this token, to make these specificities emerge from within the wider nexus of Translation Studies, Film Studies and Media Studies. In a quickly developing technical audiovisual world, Audiovisual Translation Studies is set to become the academic field that will address the complex cultural issues of a pervasively media-oriented society.

This book presents the first study of voice-over from a wide approach, including not only academic issues but also a description of the practice of voice-over around the globe. The authors define the concept of voice-over in Film Studies and Translation Studies and clarify the relationship between voice-over and other audiovisual transfer modes. They also describe the translation process in voice-over both for production and postproduction, for fiction and non-fiction. The book also features course models on voice-over which can be used as a source of inspiration by trainers willing to include this transfer mode in their courses. A global survey on voice-over in which both practitioners and academics express their opinions and a commented bibliography on voice-over complete this study. Each chapter includes exercises which both lecturers and students can find useful.

This book applies a descriptive and multimodal methodology for the analysis of multilingual TV series with recurrent use of foreign languages in order to examine the role of multilingualism in the audiovisual products analysed. It also explores whether and how dubbing affects the plot and characterisation of original TV series, while its focus on Italian dubbing provides more detailed and specific insight into the phenomenon.

In most subtitling countries, those lines at the bottom of the screen are the most read medium of all, for which reason they deserve all the academic attention they can get. This monograph represents a large-scale attempt to provide such attention, by exploring the norms of subtitling for television. It does so by empirically investigating a large corpus of television subtitles from Scandinavia, one of the bastions of subtitling, along with other European data. The aim of the book is twofold: first, to provide an advanced and comprehensive model for investigating translation problems in the form of Extralinguistic Cultural References (ECRs). Second, to empirically explore current European television subtitling norms, and to look into future developments in this area. This book will be of interest to anyone interested in gaining access to state-of-the-art tools for translation analysis, or in learning more about the norms of subtitling, based on empirically reliable and current material.

The Encyclopedia of Television, second edtion is the first major reference work to provide description, history, analysis, and information on more than 1100 subjects related to television in its international context. For a full list of entries, contributors, and more, visit the Encyclo pedia of Television, 2nd edition website.