Excerpt from Optimum Economic Layout of Forest Harvesting Work Roads In the past several years, logging research efforts have increased and some improvements in logging and associated activities have been realized. Much more effort is needed before maximum efficiency in these areas can be attained. The objective of this paper is to develop a model that includes work roads in the optimization of skidding methods. A work road is generally used only for harvest ing and is usually not added to the permanent system. Although the solution to this model requires a computer, it is known that many modern loggers have either direct or indirect access to computers for payroll and accounting purposes, or for other uses, and its use would not present a special problem for most of the potential users. Although it is recognized that other constraints such as impacts on the environ ment where they are significant and can be adequately appraised) could be the deciding factors in some cases, only the direct cost of logging is included in this analysis. It is believed, however, that the model presented here can be useful for forest areas where these environmental impacts are relatively insignificant. Also. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

In a community of widely spaced perennials, mostly shrubs, in the cold desert of western Utah, total accumulated organic mass (excluding the small amount of humus) is about 1,770g./m.2. Of this total, 240 g. are above the ground and 1,530 g. below. Of the latter, 295 g. is underground litter. About half of the 1,235 g. of roots are in the surface 30 cm. of the soil, about 0.3 of them in the second 30 cm., 0.15 in the third, 0.03 in the fourth, and 0.01 of them occur below 120 cm. to about 135 cm. Coarce roots (> 2 mm. in diameter) are found only in the immediate vicinity of plants and are unimportant below the 15-cm. depth. Fine (