The economic and political stakes in the current heated debates over “openness” and open standards in the Internet's architecture. Openness is not a given on the Internet. Technical standards—the underlying architecture that enables interoperability among hardware and software from different manufacturers—increasingly control individual freedom and the pace of innovation in technology markets. Heated battles rage over the very definition of “openness” and what constitutes an open standard in information and communication technologies. In Opening Standards, experts from industry, academia, and public policy explore just what is at stake in these controversies, considering both economic and political implications of open standards. The book examines the effect of open standards on innovation, on the relationship between interoperability and public policy (and if government has a responsibility to promote open standards), and on intellectual property rights in standardization—an issue at the heart of current global controversies. Finally, Opening Standards recommends a framework for defining openness in twenty-first-century information infrastructures. Contributors discuss such topics as how to reflect the public interest in the private standards-setting process; why open standards have a beneficial effect on competition and Internet freedom; the effects of intellectual property rights on standards openness; and how to define standard, open standard, and software interoperability.

This book answers how openness became the defining principle of the information age, examining the history of information networks.

The economic and political stakes in the current heated debates over "openness" and open standards in the Internet's architecture.

Standards wars of open source software products are far from being adequately understood. Through the examination of the Mozilla Firefox case, this book provides an in-depth analysis of the drivers, mechanisms and strategies involved in winning a standards-battle in open source software.

Software services are established as a programming concept, but their impact on the overall architecture of enterprise IT and business operations is not well-understood. This has led to problems in deploying SOA, and some disillusionment. The SOA Source Book adds to this a collection of reference material for SOA. It is an invaluable resource for enterprise architects working with SOA.The SOA Source Book will help enterprise architects to use SOA effectively. It explains: What SOA is How to evaluate SOA features in business terms How to model SOA How to use The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF ) for SOA SOA governance This book explains how TOGAF can help to make an Enterprise Architecture. Enterprise Architecture is an approach that can help management to understand this growing complexity.

In Imposing Standards, Martin Hearson shifts the focus of political rhetoric regarding international tax rules from tax havens and the Global North to the damaging impact of this regime on the Global South. Even when not exploited by tax dodgers, international tax standards place severe limits on the ability of developing countries to tax businesses, denying the Global South access to much-needed revenue. The international rules that allow tax avoidance by multinational corporations have dominated political debate about international tax in the United States and Europe, especially since the global financial crisis of 2007–2008. Hearson asks how developing countries willingly gave up their right to tax foreign companies, charting their assimilation into an OECD-led regime from the days of early independence to the present day. Based on interviews with treaty negotiators, policymakers and lobbyists, as well as observation at intergovernmental meetings, archival research, and fieldwork in Africa and Asia, Imposing Standards shows that capacity constraints and imperfect negotiation strategies in developing countries were exploited by capital-exporting states, shielding multinationals from taxation and depriving nations in the Global South of revenue they both need and deserve. Thanks to generous funding from the Gates Foundation, the ebook editions of this book are available as Open Access volumes from Cornell Open (cornellpress.cornell.edu/cornell-open) and other repositories.

Standards for the Management of Open Fractures provides an evidence-based approach for the management of open fractures, focussing on lower limb injuries. It builds on and expands the NICE Guidelines to provide a practical approach with supporting evidence. The new edition has been extensively updated and expanded to include key aspects of management, ranging from setting up an orthoplastic service, through to dealing with the bone and soft tissue injures, complications such as infection, and patient rehabilitation and psychological care. The book is primarily aimed at trainee plastic, orthopaedic and trauma surgeons (particularly for expanding knowledge and examination revision) but would also appeal to established surgeons to improve patient care. Standards for the Management of Open Fractures is an open access title. It is available to read and download as a free PDF version on Oxford Medicine Online. It has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 International licence.

In today’s digital era, the emergence of digital libraries, collections, and repositories stands as a significant advancement. Across various organizations, there’s a notable shift toward digitization driven by both technological advancements and the proliferation of vast amounts of data, texts, artworks, and other collections. With information volumes reaching unprecedented levels, the imperative to organize it in digital formats becomes apparent. This digital transformation has given rise to a pervasive digital culture, particularly evident in academic libraries, museums, and nonprofit organizations. This culture profoundly influences how information is accessed, utilized, and organized. The book addresses key aspects of this digital paradigm, including digitization processes, open access principles, and the protocols and standards governing the utilization of digital information. It examines the broader landscape of digital libraries, repositories, and collections found in galleries and museums. Moreover, the book explores the evolving skill sets required by users in adapting to these digital advancements, as well as the standards necessary for implementing digital organizational structures. By taking a comprehensive view, it highlights both the advantages and challenges posed by these digital developments, offering insights into their multifaceted impacts on contemporary society.

"Prepared by the Joint Committee on Standards for Educatioanl and Psychological Testing of the American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association and National Council on Measurement in Education"--T.p. verso.