This handbook brings together a great deal of new data on the static and dynamic elastic properties of granular and other composite material. The authors are at the very center of today's research and present new and imported theoretical tools that have enabled our current understanding of the complex behavior of rocks. There are three central themes running throughout the presentation: · Rocks as the prototypical material for defining a class of materials · The PM space model as a useful theoretical construct for developing a phenomenology · A sequence of refined analysis methods. This suite of new methods for both recording and analyzing data is more than a single framework for interpretation, it is also a toolbox for the experimenter. A comprehensive and systematic book of utmost interest to anybody involved in non-destructive testing, civil engineering, and geophysics.

This handbook brings together a great deal of new data on the static and dynamic elastic properties of granular and other composite material. The authors are at the very center of today's research and present new and imported theoretical tools that have enabled our current understanding of the complex behavior of rocks. There are three central themes running throughout the presentation: · Rocks as the prototypical material for defining a class of materials · The PM space model as a useful theoretical construct for developing a phenomenology · A sequence of refined analysis methods. This suite of new methods for both recording and analyzing data is more than a single framework for interpretation, it is also a toolbox for the experimenter. A comprehensive and systematic book of utmost interest to anybody involved in non-destructive testing, civil engineering, and geophysics.

A variety of materials reside in the purported elasticity universality class characterized by 'nonlinear mesoscopic elasticity. Rocks, the prototypical member of this class, have extreme nonlinearity (NL), hysteresis (H), and discrete memory (DM). The experimental manifestations of NL, H, and DM will be described with Berea sandstone as example. NL, H, and DM lead to unusual behavior in laboratory resonance measurements and in a variety of geophysical contexts. An effort will be made to identify the microscopic features of materials that might be placed in this elasticity universality class.

As revealed by longitudinal bar resonance experiments, materials such as rocks and concrete show a rich diversity of nonlinear elastic behavior. As a function of increasing drive level, resonance frequencies shift downward by several percent, the resonant line shape changes, and harmonics and slow dynamics appear. Slow dynamics [1] refers to the time-dependent recovery of an elastic modulus to its initial value after being softened by large strain. In order to explore the mechanisms of nonlinear response including slow dynamics, we performed experiments on concrete and several different earth materials. The softening (conditioning) and recovery processes appear to be asymmetric. Conditioning takes place quickly; full recovery of the elastic modulus (as measured by drift of the resonance peak) takes minutes to hours, depending on the length of time the conditioning strain was applied. We find that for a wide variety of rocks and concretes, the recovery of the resonant frequency goes as log(time). Logarithmic time-dependence is a phenomenon associated with static friction and restoration of surface contacts, which in rocks probably takes place at touching crack surfaces.

Comprehensive introduction to nonlinear elasticity for graduates and researchers, covering new developments in the field.

The scientists of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, led by Jas. Bernoulli and Euler, created a coherent theory of the mechanics of strings and rods undergoing planar deformations. They introduced the basic con cepts of strain, both extensional and flexural, of contact force with its com ponents of tension and shear force, and of contact couple. They extended Newton's Law of Motion for a mass point to a law valid for any deformable body. Euler formulated its independent and much subtler complement, the Angular Momentum Principle. (Euler also gave effective variational characterizations of the governing equations. ) These scientists breathed life into the theory by proposing, formulating, and solving the problems of the suspension bridge, the catenary, the velaria, the elastica, and the small transverse vibrations of an elastic string. (The level of difficulty of some of these problems is such that even today their descriptions are sel dom vouchsafed to undergraduates. The realization that such profound and beautiful results could be deduced by mathematical reasoning from fundamental physical principles furnished a significant contribution to the intellectual climate of the Age of Reason. ) At first, those who solved these problems did not distinguish between linear and nonlinear equations, and so were not intimidated by the latter. By the middle of the nineteenth century, Cauchy had constructed the basic framework of three-dimensional continuum mechanics on the founda tions built by his eighteenth-century predecessors.

This is an essential book for students and academicians alike. In addition to discussing theory, topics include the connection between stresses and strains in an isotropic elastic body, the geometry of strain, and much more. Deductions are explained in the simplest, most intuitive manner for wide accessibility. 1953 edition.

Nonlinear Elasticity presents a description of research and result on various nonlinear problems arising in elasticity. This book covers a variety of topics, including shallow elastic membranes, nonlinear elasticity, finite deformations of elastic solids, and nonlinear thermoelasticity. Organized into 11 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the nonlinear theory of buckling of elastic shells. This text then examines the ways in which the energy criterion supplies a necessary condition for asymptotic stability. Other chapters consider some of the phenomena, both physical and mathematical, that typify the large deformation of a nonlinearly elastic body. This book discusses as well the concepts leading to a criterion for instabilities and discusses how the criterion applies to some well-known ideal materials. The final chapter deals with the structure of strong shocks and studies the evolution of such a shock produced by a suddenly-applied strain. This book is a valuable resource for mathematicians.