New Trends in Computer Graphics contains a selection of research papers submitted to Computer Graphics International '88 (COl '88). COl '88 is the Official Annual Conference of the Computer Graphics Society. Since 1982, this conference ha~ been held in Tokyo. This year, it is taking place in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1989, it will be held in Leeds, U. K. , in 1990 in Singapore, in 1991 in U. S. A. and in 1992 in Montreal, Canada. Over 100 papers were submitted to CGI '88 and 61 papers were selected by the International Program Committee. Papers have been grouped into 6 chapters. The flrst chapter is dedicated to Computer Animation because it deals with all topics presented in the other chapters. Several animation systems are described as well as speciflc subjects like 3D character animation, quaternions and splines. The second chapter is dedicated to papers on Image Synthesis, il1 particular new shading models and new algorithms for ray tracing are presented. Chapter 3 presents several algorithms for geometric modeling and new techniques for the creation and manipulation of curves, surfaces and solids and their applications to CAD. In Chapter 4, an important topic is presented: the specification of graphics systems and images using l~nguages and user-interfaces. The last two chapters are devoted to applications in sciences, medicine, engineering, art and business.

This volume presents the proceedings of the 7th International Confer ence of the Computer Graphics Society, CG International '89, held at the University of Leeds, UK, June 27-30, 1989. Since 1982 this confer ence has continued to attract high-quality research papers in all aspects of computer graphics and its applications. Originally the conference was held in Japan (1982-1987), but in 1988 was held in Geneva, Switzerland. Future conferences are planned for Singapore in 1990, USA in 1991, Japan in 1992, and Canada in 1993. Recent developments in computer graphics have concentrated on the following: greater sophistication of image generation techniques; advances in hardware and emphasis on the exploitation of parallelism, integration of robotics and AI techniques for animation, greater integ ration of CAD and CAM in CIM, use of powerful computer graphics techniques to represent complex physical processes (visualization), advances in computational geometry and in the representation and modelling of complex physical and mathematical objects, and improved tools and methods for HC!. These trends and advances are reflected in this present volume. A number of papers deal with important research aspects in many of these areas.

Computer graphics is now used in various fields; for industrial, educational, medical and entertainment purposes. The aim of computer graphics is to visualize real objects and imaginary or other abstract items. In order to visualize various things, many technologies are necessary and they are mainly divided into two types in computer graphics: modeling and rendering technologies. This book covers the most advanced technologies for both types. It also includes some visualization techniques and applications for motion blur, virtual agents and historical textiles. This book provides useful insights for researchers in computer graphics.

In the design of any visual objects, the work becomes much easier if previous designs are utilized. Computer graphics is becoming increasingly important simply because it greatly helps in utilizing such previous designs. Here, "previous designs" signifies both design results and design procedures. The objects designed are diverse. For engineers, these objects could be machines or electronic circuits, as discussed in Chap. 3, ''CA~/CAM. '' Physicians often design models of a patient's organs from computed tomography images prior to surgery or to assist in diagnosis. This is the subject of Chap. 8, "Medical Graphics. " Chapter 7, "Computer Art," deals with the way in which artists use computer graphics in creating beautiful visual images. In Chap. 1, "Computational Geometry," a firm basis is provided for the definition of shapes in designed objects; this is a typical technical area in which computer graphics is constantly making worldwide progress. Thus, the present volume, reflecting international advances in these and other areas of computer graphics, provides every potential or actual graphics user with the essential up-to-date information. There are, typically, two ways of gathering this current information. One way is to invite international authorities to write on their areas of specialization. Usually this works very well if the areas are sufficiently established that it is possible to judge exactly who knows what. Since computer graphics, however, is still in its developmental stage, this method cannot be applied.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Graphics Recognition (GREC 2011), held in Seoul, Korea, September 15-16, 2011. The 25 revised full papers presented were carefully selected from numerous submissions. Graphics recognition is a subfield of document image analysis that deals with graphical entities in engineering drawings, sketches, maps, architectural plans, musical scores, mathematical notation, tables, and diagrams. Accordingly the conference papers are organized in 5 technical sessions, covering the topics such as map and ancient documents, symbol and logo recognition, sketch and drawings, performance evaluation and challenge processing.

This book reflects the many changes that computer graphics technology has under gone in my working life time. I graduated from a teachers college in 1963. There was not a computer of any kind on campus, imagine my shock when my very first college employer (Omaha University) required me to know something about an IBM 1620 and a key punch machine! The first part of this book is an account of that experience at Omaha University and later the Nebraska of Nebraska at Omaha. When I moved to Clemson University in 1976, they had a computer and a large Calcomp Plotter but nothing else in the way of computer graphics hardware or software. So, except for a few short sections in chapter one, this history begins with the events of 1963 and proceeds to document what happened to computer graphics for engineering design and manufacturing as practiced by an engineer or technician at Clemson University. The next section of the book contains my experiences as a self-employed consultant (1993-present), my consulting started in 1984 after I completed a PhD in Data Systems Engineering. In 1993, I left full time teaching and became Professor Emeritus at Clemson University. I wanted to start my own consulting company, DLR Associates. Oddly enough, most of my first consulting in computer graphics took place in the Omaha and Pennsylvania areas - not South Carolina. My contacts came from my paper presentations at various ASEE meetings and the annual national distance learning conferences held at the University of Maine. I took a year off to accept a Fulbright Scholarship Nomination from the University of Rookee, India. I was listed as an international member in the Who's Who Directory of the computer graphics industry. In a nut shell, that is who I am. Why, then, did I decide to write this book?