America's infrastructure policy is at a crossroads, caught between rising demands and outdated programs to address them. Airports, highways, ports, and harbors are severely congested. Drinking water and wastewater facilities, bridges, dams and school buildings are in poor condition. The cost of these failures is great: time is lost to delay, commerce is impeded, business productivity is compromised, and lives are threatened. Yet federal investment in public infrastructure has decreased steadily as a share of both the economy and federal spending over the past two decades. The risk of under investment is only part of the equation. Of equal or greater concern is the prospect that the investments we make are not the right ones. Our nation's infrastructure policy favors new construction even when maintenance, renovation, and improved management offer better responses to the problem. Infrastructure policy favors politics over sound investment principles. And as our programs fail to change in response to new realities, additional spending will be progressively less able to solve our infrastructure problems. This report outlines the considerations involved in rethinking infrastructure policy--the types of infrastructure needed, the technology for providing it, and the sophistication of the various actors involved. It makes a case for folding public school buildings into the national infrastructure policy framework. Finally, the report presents a plan to restructure the federal role in infrastructure provision that would improve returns on public investment and strengthen America's economic foundations for the twenty-first century.

This work describes the operations of a typical municipal government and examines the many productivity trends that are occurring in city halls across America. Much of the focus is on the increasing need for planning in city government to ensure that productivity goals are met. It thoroughly examines the roles of the council, manager, and clerk in promoting increased productivity. It then looks at such municipal departments as legal, finance, fire, human services, library, police and public works, demonstrating proven techniques and structures in each that improve service. Instructors considering this book for use in a course may request an examination copy here.