In this book we introduce three types of neutrosophic linear algebras: neutrosophic set lineat algebra, neutrosophic semigroup linear algebra, and neutrosophic group linear algebra. These are generalizations of neutrosophic linear algebra. These new algebraic structures pave the way for applications in several fields like mathematical modeling.

This is the first volume of the Encyclopedia of Neutrosophic Researchers, edited from materials offered by the authors who responded to the editor’s invitation. The 78 authors are listed alphabetically. The introduction contains a short history of neutrosophics, together with links to the main papers and books. Neutrosophic set, neutrosophic logic, neutrosophic probability, neutrosophic statistics, neutrosophic measure, neutrosophic precalculus, neutrosophic calculus and so on are gaining significant attention in solving many real life problems that involve uncertainty, impreciseness, vagueness, incompleteness, inconsistent, and indeterminacy. In the past years the fields of neutrosophics have been extended and applied in various fields, such as: artificial intelligence, data mining, soft computing, decision making in incomplete / indeterminate / inconsistent information systems, image processing, computational modelling, robotics, medical diagnosis, biomedical engineering, investment problems, economic forecasting, social science, humanistic and practical achievements.

Symbolic (or Literal) Neutrosophic Theory is referring to the use of abstract symbols (i.e. the letters T, I, F, or their refined indexed letters Tj, Ik, Fl) in neutrosophics. In the first chapter we extend the dialectical triad thesis-antithesis-synthesis (dynamics of and , to get a synthesis) to the neutrosophic tetrad thesis-antithesis-neutrothesis-neutrosynthesis (dynamics of , , and , in order to get a neutrosynthesis). In the second chapter we introduce the neutrosophic system and neutrosophic dynamic system. A neutrosophic system is a quasi- or (t,i,f)–classical system, in the sense that the neutrosophic system deals with quasi-terms/concepts/attributes, etc. [or (t,i,f)-terms/concepts/attributes], which are approximations of the classical terms/concepts/attributes, i.e. they are partially true/membership/probable (t), partially indeterminate (i), and partially false/nonmembership/improbable (f), where t, i, f are subsets of the unitary interval [0, 1]. In the third chapter we introduce for the first time the notions of Neutrosophic Axiom, Neutrosophic Deducibility, Neutrosophic Axiomatic System, Degree of Contradiction (Dissimilarity) of Two Neutrosophic Axioms, etc. The fourth chapter we introduced for the first time a new type of structures, called (t, i, f)-Neutrosophic Structures, presented from a neutrosophic logic perspective, and we showed particular cases of such structures in geometry and in algebra. In any field of knowledge, each structure is composed from two parts: a space, and a set of axioms (or laws) acting (governing) on it. If the space, or at least one of its axioms (laws), has some indeterminacy of the form (t, i, f) ≠ (1, 0, 0), that structure is a (t, i, f)-Neutrosophic Structure. In the fifth chapter we make a short history of: the neutrosophic set, neutrosophic numerical components and neutrosophic literal components, neutrosophic numbers, etc. The aim of this chapter is to construct examples of splitting the literal indeterminacy (I) into literal sub-indeterminacies (I1,I2,…,Ir), and to define a multiplication law of these literal sub-indeterminacies in order to be able to build refined I-neutrosophic algebraic structures. In the sixth chapter we define for the first time three neutrosophic actions and their properties. We then introduce the prevalence order on (T, I, F) with respect to a given neutrosophic operator "o", which may be subjective - as defined by the neutrosophic experts. And the refinement of neutrosophic entities , , and . Then we extend the classical logical operators to neutrosophic literal (symbolic) logical operators and to refined literal (symbolic) logical operators, and we define the refinement neutrosophic literal (symbolic) space. In the seventh chapter we introduce for the first time the neutrosophic quadruple numbers (of the form a+bT+cI+dF) and the refined neutrosophic quadruple numbers. Then we define an absorbance law, based on a prevalence order, both of them in order to multiply the neutrosophic components T, I, F or their sub-components T_j, I_k, F_l and thus to construct the multiplication of neutrosophic quadruple numbers.

The authors in this book introduce a new class of natural neutrsophic numbers using MOD intervals. These natural MOD neutrosophic numbers behave in a different way for the product of two natural neutrosophic numbers can be neutrosophic zero divisors or idempotents or nilpotents. Several open problems are suggested in this book.

This ninth volume of Collected Papers includes 87 papers comprising 982 pages on Neutrosophic Theory and its applications in Algebra, written between 2014-2022 by the author alone or in collaboration with the following 81 co-authors (alphabetically ordered) from 19 countries: E.O. Adeleke, A.A.A. Agboola, Ahmed B. Al-Nafee, Ahmed Mostafa Khalil, Akbar Rezaei, S.A. Akinleye, Ali Hassan, Mumtaz Ali, Rajab Ali Borzooei , Assia Bakali, Cenap Özel, Victor Christianto, Chunxin Bo, Rakhal Das, Bijan Davvaz, R. Dhavaseelan, B. Elavarasan, Fahad Alsharari, T. Gharibah, Hina Gulzar, Hashem Bordbar, Le Hoang Son, Emmanuel Ilojide, Tèmítópé Gbóláhàn Jaíyéolá, M. Karthika, Ilanthenral Kandasamy, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Huma Khan, Madad Khan, Mohsin Khan, Hee Sik Kim, Seon Jeong Kim, Valeri Kromov, R. M. Latif, Madeleine Al-Tahan, Mehmat Ali Ozturk, Minghao Hu, S. Mirvakili, Mohammad Abobala, Mohammad Hamidi, Mohammed Abdel-Sattar, Mohammed A. Al Shumrani, Mohamed Talea, Muhammad Akram, Muhammad Aslam, Muhammad Aslam Malik, Muhammad Gulistan, Muhammad Shabir, G. Muhiuddin, Memudu Olaposi Olatinwo, Osman Anis, Choonkil Park, M. Parimala, Ping Li, K. Porselvi, D. Preethi, S. Rajareega, N. Rajesh, Udhayakumar Ramalingam, Riad K. Al-Hamido, Yaser Saber, Arsham Borumand Saeid, Saeid Jafari, Said Broumi, A.A. Salama, Ganeshsree Selvachandran, Songtao Shao, Seok-Zun Song, Tahsin Oner, M. Mohseni Takallo, Binod Chandra Tripathy, Tugce Katican, J. Vimala, Xiaohong Zhang, Xiaoyan Mao, Xiaoying Wu, Xingliang Liang, Xin Zhou, Yingcang Ma, Young Bae Jun, Juanjuan Zhang.

This volume is a collection of ten papers by contributors F. Smarandache, F. Yuhua, K. Mondal, S. Pramanik, S. Broumi, J. Ye, A. A. Salama,, N. Easa, S. A. Elhafez, M. M. Lotfy, L. Kong, Y. Wu, P. Biswas, B. C. Giri, A. Mukkerjee, and S. Sarkar, focusing on a new kind of algebraic structures called (T, I, F)- Neutrosophic Structures; Expanding Uncertainty Principle to Certainty-Uncertainty Principles with Neutrosophy and Quad-stage Methods; Rough Neutrosophic Multi-Attribute Decision-Making Based on Rough Accuracy Score Function; an Extended TOPSIS Method for Multiple Attribute Decision Making based on Interval Neutrosophic Uncertain Linguistic Variable; Review of Recommender Systems Algorithms Utilized in Social Networks based e-Learning Systems & Neutrosophic System; Fault Diagnosis Method of Gasoline Engines Using the Cosine Similarity Measure of Neutrosophic Numbers; Cosine Similarity Measure Based Multi-attribute Decision-making with Trapezoidal Fuzzy Neutrosophic Numbers; Thesis-Antithesis-Neutrothesis, and Neutrosynthesis; Negating Four Color Theorem with Neutrosophy and Quadstage Method; and A new method of measuring similarity between two neutrosophic soft sets and its application in pattern recognition problems.

“Neutrosophic Sets and Systems” has been created for publications on advanced studies in neutrosophy, neutrosophic set, neutrosophic logic, neutrosophic probability, neutrosophic statistics that started in 1995 and their applications in any field, such as the neutrosophic structures developed in algebra, geometry, topology, etc.

In this book the author analyzes the Smarandache linear algebra, and introduces several other concepts like the Smarandache semilinear algebra, Smarandache bilinear algebra and Smarandache anti-linear algebra. We indicate that Smarandache vector spaces of type II will be used in the study of neutrosophic logic and its applications to Markov chains and Leontief Economic models ? both of these research topics have intense industrial applications. The Smarandache linear algebra, is defined to be a Smarandache vector space of type II, on which there is an additional operation called product, such that for all a, b in V, ab is in V.The Smarandache vector space of type II is defined to be a module V defined over a Smarandache ring R such that V is a vector space over a proper subset k of R, where k is a field.

Super Linear Algebras are built using super matrices. These new structures can be applied to all fields in which linear algebras are used. Super characteristic values exist only when the related super matrices are super square diagonal super matrices.Super diagonalization, analogous to diagonalization is obtained. These newly introduced structures can be applied to Computer Sciences, Markov Chains, and Fuzzy Models.

Set linear algebras, introduced by the authors in this book, are the most generalized form of linear algebras.These structures make use of very few algebraic operations and are easily accessible to non-mathematicians as well.The dominance of computers in everyday life calls for a paradigm shift in the concepts of linear algebra. The authors believe that set linear algebra will cater to that need.