Visual perception is a reconstruction of the physical visual aspects of the world and subject to various biases, assumptions and noise. One aspect of visual perception is visuospatial localization. Although visual localization is typically accurate, there are various situations where healthy human subjects mislocalize objects, as well as, neurological disorders that alter visual localization behavior. These situations result in differences between the perceived and actual position of an object. These perceptual errors are useful to explore the limitations of visuospatial object localization and provide information on the underlying neural mechanisms of position perception. In particular, the following studies investigated how the brain integrates visual information across a spatially extended stimulus and ultimately results in a final percept of position. This project utilized behavioral and fMRI studies combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in healthy human subjects. These methods allowed us to quantify behavioral errors in localization and examine changes in the BOLD signal (as an indirect measure of changes in neural activity) in potential neural correlates of position perception. In Aim 1 we show that factors such as retinal eccentricity and attentional cues bias localization behavior via alterations of the contribution of specific object components in the integration process. Aim 2 shows that tDCS over posterior parietal cortex (PPC) yields mislocalizations that are consistent with predictions from the interhemispheric competition theory (ICT) of attention. This supports the causal role of PPC in visual spatial localization. Aim 3 extends the results from Aim 2 to show that the BOLD signal changes in PPC predict localization behavior. In addition to novel insights related to position perception, these experiments provide insight into the effects of tDCS on behavior and the interaction of tDCS with the BOLD signal. This work begins to answer how different factors influence position perception and the role of different cortical regions in position perception. This research also has implications for rehabilitation programs for patients with various visual neurological disorders that alter spatial perception.

An exciting new line of research that investigates the impact of one’s own hands on visual processing has flourished in the past several years. Specifically, several studies have demonstrated that objects near the hands receive prioritized attention, enhanced perceptual sensitivity, altered figure-ground assignment, prolonged and detail-oriented processing, and improved visual working memory. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the visual system reveals a new pattern of processing when one's hands are in proximity of viewed objects. Therefore, the vast majority of studies on visual processing, in which one's hands are kept away from the stimuli, may constitute but one side of a more complex story of the inner workings of the visual system. With several consistent behavioral demonstrations of hand-altered vision now in the literature, the present challenge facing this growing field, and the aim of this Research Topic, is four-pronged: 1) Isolate and elucidate the underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms of hand-altered vision; 2) Map the parameters and conditions of hand-nearness that permit/prevent the onset or maintenance of hand-altered vision; 3) Determine the consequences of hand-altered vision for higher-level cognition and assess its applied potential (e.g., as a neuropsychological intervention); and, 4) Present a cohesive and predictive theoretical account of hand-altered vision. We welcome submissions that fit into any one (or a combination) of the above domains. For behavioral research, we particularly encourage submissions that are relevant to the advancement of our understanding of the neural mechanisms of hand-altered vision (e.g., demonstrations that might corroborate or disconfirm proposed neural systems).

II. Sensation, Perception & Attention: John Serences (Volume Editor) (Topics covered include taste; visual object recognition; touch; depth perception; motor control; perceptual learning; the interface theory of perception; vestibular, proprioceptive, and haptic contributions to spatial orientation; olfaction; audition; time perception; attention; perception and interactive technology; music perception; multisensory integration; motion perception; vision; perceptual rhythms; perceptual organization; color vision; perception for action; visual search; visual cognition/working memory.)

Neural Mechanisms of Goal-Directed Behavior and Learning provides information pertinent to the neuronal mechanisms of motivation and learning. This book focuses on the theoretical frameworks within which researchers analyze specific problems. Organized into six parts encompassing 39 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the problem of goal-directed behavior that occupies a central position in psychology. This text then examines the behavioral investigations that are directed at delineating the role of contiguity and determining the possible mechanisms of reinforcement in classical defense and reward conditioning. Other chapters consider the homeostatic regulation of various functions, such as nutrition, temperature, respiration, blood pressure, and fluid and electrolyte balance. This book discusses as well the effects of experimental treatments on memory. The final chapter deals with the relationship between perception and memory. This book is a valuable resource for psychologists and scientists. Graduate students in behavioral neuroscience will also find this book useful.