This book summarizes the results of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Syntheses, Optical Properties, and Applications of Near-Infrared (NIR) Dyes in High Technology Fields" held at Trest (Czech Republic) from September 24 to 27, 1997. It was attended by 52 scientists from 16 countries, among them 18 participants from 8 Eastern-Europe. The Workshop has been stimulated by the great progress that has been made in utilizing NIR dyes in high technology areas. This has been triggered by the availability of reliable. vel)' small, and inexpensive laser diodes emitting in the NIR region which raise the analytical detection limits by several orders of magnitude, allow time-resolved measurements for temporal discrimination between spectrally similar species, and make possible miniaturization as well as remote sensing through space and by fiber optical techniques. Furthermore, NIR dyes proved to be vel)' important in other high technology fields such as laser physics, optical recording techniques, nonlinear optics, biochemistty and medicine.

This volume explores developments in techniques in diagnostics, DNA sequencing, bioanalysis of immunoassays, and single-molecule detection. It promotes the measurement, identification, monitoring, analysis, and application of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) to medical and pharmaceutical advances. The text also considers noninvasive methods of NIR for successful, cost-effective, and prompt diagnoses of diseases.

With contributions by numerous experts

This book on ‘Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments’ is a priority publication by IntechOpen publisher and it relates to sustainable approaches towards green chemical processing of textiles, specifically on dyeing with natural dyes and pigments as well as dyeing with eco-safe synthetic dyes and chemicals. This book includes the following chapters: an introductory editorial chapter on bio-mordants, bio-dyes and bio-finishes, a review of natural dyes and pigments and its application, pantone-like shade generation with natural colorants, colour-based natural dyes and pigments, printing with natural dyes and pigments, functional property and functional finishes with natural dyes and pigments, eco-safe synthetic dyes and chemicals, and a miscellaneous review on dyed textiles and clothing including natural dye-based herbal textiles.This new book is expected to be useful for dyers of the textile industry as well as to the future researchers in this field.

This book describes insight mechanisms for designing molecular probes and methods that these agents can be used for medical diagnosis in preclinical animal models via optical, MRI and PET imaging. The book has a wealth of schemes of synthesis and methods deduced from pioneers in the field, making it possible to immerse into real-world molecular imaging. Written for graduate student training and practitioners, this book will serve as a teaching material and/or reference for anyone interested in exploring the power of chemical synthesis of imaging agents.

To physicists and chemists, color means light-emission, absorption, spectrum, and coloration. Near-Infrared Organic Materials and Emerging Applications presents knowledge and applications of invisible "colored" organic materials. Near-infrared (NIR) materials are defined as substances that interact with NIR light, namely, absorption and reflection,

Chromic or colour related phenomena are produced in response to a chemical or physical stimulus. This new edition will update the information on all those areas where chemicals or materials interact with light to produce colour, a colour change, or luminescence especially in the imaging, analysis, lighting and display areas. The book has been restructured to show greater emphasis on applications where 'coloured' compounds are used to transfer energy or manipulate light in some way therefore reducing the details on classical dyes and pigments. In the past eight years, since the previous edition, there has been a remarkable increase in the number of papers and reviews being produced reflecting the growth of interest in this area. This ongoing research interest is matched by a large number of new technological applications gaining commercial value covering e.g. biomedical areas, energy, data storage, physical colour, bio-inspired materials and photonics. This book appeals to industrial chemists, professionals, postgraduates and as high level recommended reading for colour technology courses.

The traditional use of organic colorants is to impart color to a substrate such as textiles, paper, plastics, and leather. However, in the last five years or so organic colorants have become increasingly important in the high technology (hi-tech) industries of electronics and particularly reprographics. In some of these reprographics applications the organic colorant is used in its traditional role of imparting color to a substrate, typically paper or plastic. Examples are dyes for ink-jet printing, thermally transferable dyes for thermal transfer printing, and dyes and pigments for colored toners in photocopiers and laser printers. In other applications it is a special effect of an organic colorant that is utilized, not its color. Examples are electrical effects, such as photoconduction and the electrostatic charging of toners, both of which are essential features for the operation of photocopiers and laser printers, and the selective absorption of infrared radiation, which is utilized in optical data storage. In electronic applications the organic colorant is often employed in a device. Typical examples include liquid crystal dyes, laser dyes, electro chromic dyes, dyes for solar cells, dyes for micro color filters, and dyes for nonlinear optical applications.

This reference focuses on defined types of compounds which are of interest to readers who are motivated to explore basic information about new materials for advanced industrial applications. General and established synthetic methodologies for several compounds are explained giving a straightforward approaches for researchers who intend to pursue new projects in materials sciences, This book presents 9 chapters, covering phthalocyanines, polymethines, porphyrins, BODIPYs, dendrimers, carbon allotropes, organic frameworks, nanoparticles and future prospects. Each chapter covers detailed synthetic aspects of the most established preparation routes for the specific compounds, while giving a historical perspective, with selective information on actual and outstanding applications of each material, unraveling what likely might be the future for each category. This book is intended as a hands-on reference guide for undergraduates and graduates interested in industrial chemistry and materials science.

This fully revised and expanded 2nd edition provides a single authoritative resource describing the concepts of color and the application of color science across research and industry. Significant changes for the 2nd edition include: New and expanded sections on color engineering More entries on fundamental concepts of color science and color terms Many additional entries on specific materials Further material on optical concepts and human visual perception Additional articles on organisations, tools and systems relevant to color A new set of entries on 3D presentation of color In addition, many of the existing entries have been revised and updated to ensure that the content of the encyclopedia is current and represents the state of the art. The work covers the full gamut of color: the fundamentals of color science; the physics and chemistry; color as it relates to optical phenomena and the human visual system; and colorants and materials. The measurement of color is described through entries on colorimetry, color spaces, color difference metrics, color appearance models, color order systems and cognitive color. The encyclopedia also has extensive coverage of applications throughout industry, including color imaging, color capture, display and printing, and descriptions of color encodings, color management, processing color and applications relating to color synthesis for computer graphics are included. The broad scope of the work is illustrated through entries on color in art conservation, color and architecture, color and education, color and culture, and biographies of some of the key figures involved in color research throughout history. With over 250 entries from color science researchers across academia and industry, this expanded 2nd edition of the Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology remains the most important single resource in color science.