Goals and tools. Computer representation of linguistic data. The restriction language. The BNF component of the grammar. The restriction component of the grammar. The treatment of conjunctions. The transformational component of the grammar. Information formatting. Applications of medical information formatting. Applications in teaching. References/ Appendices. Introduction to appendix I. Index to symbols of the computer grammar in part 2. Index.

A survey of computational methods for understanding, generating, and manipulating human language, which offers a synthesis of classical representations and algorithms with contemporary machine learning techniques. This textbook provides a technical perspective on natural language processing—methods for building computer software that understands, generates, and manipulates human language. It emphasizes contemporary data-driven approaches, focusing on techniques from supervised and unsupervised machine learning. The first section establishes a foundation in machine learning by building a set of tools that will be used throughout the book and applying them to word-based textual analysis. The second section introduces structured representations of language, including sequences, trees, and graphs. The third section explores different approaches to the representation and analysis of linguistic meaning, ranging from formal logic to neural word embeddings. The final section offers chapter-length treatments of three transformative applications of natural language processing: information extraction, machine translation, and text generation. End-of-chapter exercises include both paper-and-pencil analysis and software implementation. The text synthesizes and distills a broad and diverse research literature, linking contemporary machine learning techniques with the field's linguistic and computational foundations. It is suitable for use in advanced undergraduate and graduate-level courses and as a reference for software engineers and data scientists. Readers should have a background in computer programming and college-level mathematics. After mastering the material presented, students will have the technical skill to build and analyze novel natural language processing systems and to understand the latest research in the field.

Statistical approaches to processing natural language text have become dominant in recent years. This foundational text is the first comprehensive introduction to statistical natural language processing (NLP) to appear. The book contains all the theory and algorithms needed for building NLP tools. It provides broad but rigorous coverage of mathematical and linguistic foundations, as well as detailed discussion of statistical methods, allowing students and researchers to construct their own implementations. The book covers collocation finding, word sense disambiguation, probabilistic parsing, information retrieval, and other applications.

Hit the ground running with this in-depth introduction to the NLP skills and techniques that allow your computers to speak human. In Getting Started with Natural Language Processing you’ll learn about: Fundamental concepts and algorithms of NLP Useful Python libraries for NLP Building a search algorithm Extracting information from raw text Predicting sentiment of an input text Author profiling Topic labeling Named entity recognition Getting Started with Natural Language Processing is an enjoyable and understandable guide that helps you engineer your first NLP algorithms. Your tutor is Dr. Ekaterina Kochmar, lecturer at the University of Bath, who has helped thousands of students take their first steps with NLP. Full of Python code and hands-on projects, each chapter provides a concrete example with practical techniques that you can put into practice right away. If you’re a beginner to NLP and want to upgrade your applications with functions and features like information extraction, user profiling, and automatic topic labeling, this is the book for you. About the technology From smart speakers to customer service chatbots, apps that understand text and speech are everywhere. Natural language processing, or NLP, is the key to this powerful form of human/computer interaction. And a new generation of tools and techniques make it easier than ever to get started with NLP! About the book Getting Started with Natural Language Processing teaches you how to upgrade user-facing applications with text and speech-based features. From the accessible explanations and hands-on examples in this book you’ll learn how to apply NLP to sentiment analysis, user profiling, and much more. As you go, each new project builds on what you’ve previously learned, introducing new concepts and skills. Handy diagrams and intuitive Python code samples make it easy to get started—even if you have no background in machine learning! What's inside Fundamental concepts and algorithms of NLP Extracting information from raw text Useful Python libraries Topic labeling Building a search algorithm About the reader You’ll need basic Python skills. No experience with NLP required. About the author Ekaterina Kochmar is a lecturer at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Bath, where she is part of the AI research group. Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 Your first NLP example 3 Introduction to information search 4 Information extraction 5 Author profiling as a machine-learning task 6 Linguistic feature engineering for author profiling 7 Your first sentiment analyzer using sentiment lexicons 8 Sentiment analysis with a data-driven approach 9 Topic analysis 10 Topic modeling 11 Named-entity recognition

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems, NLDB 2018, held in Paris, France, in June 2018. The 18 full papers, 26 short papers, and 9 poster papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 99 submissions. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis in Social Media; Semantics-Based Models and Applications; Neural Networks Based Approaches; Ontology Engineering; NLP; Text Similarities and Plagiarism Detection; Text Classification; Information Mining; Recommendation Systems; Translation and Foreign Language Querying; Software Requirement and Checking.

Natural language is one of the most important means of human communication. It enables us to express our will, to exchange thoughts and to document our knowledge in written sources. Owing to its substantial role in many facets of human life, technology for automatically analyzing and processing natural language has recently become increasingly important. In fact, natural language processing tools have paved the way for entirely new business opportunities. The goal of this book is to facilitate the automatic analysis of natural language in process models and to employ this analysis for assisting process model stakeholders. Therefore, a technique is defined that automatically recognizes and annotates process model element labels. In addition, this technique is leveraged to support organizations in effectively utilizing their process models in various ways. The book is organized into seven chapters. It starts with an overview of business process management and linguistics and continues with conceptual contributions on parsing and annotating process model elements, with the detection and correction of process model guideline violations, with the generation of natural language from process models and finally ends with the derivation of service candidates from process models.

Many books and courses tackle natural language processing (NLP) problems with toy use cases and well-defined datasets. But if you want to build, iterate, and scale NLP systems in a business setting and tailor them for particular industry verticals, this is your guide. Software engineers and data scientists will learn how to navigate the maze of options available at each step of the journey. Through the course of the book, authors Sowmya Vajjala, Bodhisattwa Majumder, Anuj Gupta, and Harshit Surana will guide you through the process of building real-world NLP solutions embedded in larger product setups. You’ll learn how to adapt your solutions for different industry verticals such as healthcare, social media, and retail. With this book, you’ll: Understand the wide spectrum of problem statements, tasks, and solution approaches within NLP Implement and evaluate different NLP applications using machine learning and deep learning methods Fine-tune your NLP solution based on your business problem and industry vertical Evaluate various algorithms and approaches for NLP product tasks, datasets, and stages Produce software solutions following best practices around release, deployment, and DevOps for NLP systems Understand best practices, opportunities, and the roadmap for NLP from a business and product leader’s perspective

Graph theory and the fields of natural language processing and information retrieval are well-studied disciplines. Traditionally, these areas have been perceived as distinct, with different algorithms, different applications and different potential end-users. However, recent research has shown that these disciplines are intimately connected, with a large variety of natural language processing and information retrieval applications finding efficient solutions within graph-theoretical frameworks. This book extensively covers the use of graph-based algorithms for natural language processing and information retrieval. It brings together topics as diverse as lexical semantics, text summarization, text mining, ontology construction, text classification and information retrieval, which are connected by the common underlying theme of the use of graph-theoretical methods for text and information processing tasks. Readers will come away with a firm understanding of the major methods and applications in natural language processing and information retrieval that rely on graph-based representations and algorithms.

This book explains how can be created information extraction (IE) applications that are able to tap the vast amount of relevant information available in natural language sources: Internet pages, official documents such as laws and regulations, books and newspapers, and social web. Readers are introduced to the problem of IE and its current challenges and limitations, supported with examples. The book discusses the need to fill the gap between documents, data, and people, and provides a broad overview of the technology supporting IE. The authors present a generic architecture for developing systems that are able to learn how to extract relevant information from natural language documents, and illustrate how to implement working systems using state-of-the-art and freely available software tools. The book also discusses concrete applications illustrating IE uses. · Provides an overview of state-of-the-art technology in information extraction (IE), discussing achievements and limitations for the software developer and providing references for specialized literature in the area · Presents a comprehensive list of freely available, high quality software for several subtasks of IE and for several natural languages · Describes a generic architecture that can learn how to extract information for a given application domain