This book offers historical and state-of-the-art molecular spectroscopy methods and applications in dynamic compression science, aimed at the upcoming generation in physical sciences involved in studies of materials at extremes. It begins with addressing the motivation for probing shock compressed molecular materials with spectroscopy and then reviews historical developments and the basics of the various spectroscopic methods that have been utilized. Introductory chapters are devoted to fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy, overviews of dynamic compression technologies, and diagnostics used to quantify the shock compression state during spectroscopy experiments. Subsequent chapters describe all the molecular spectroscopic methods used in shock compression research to date, including theory, experimental details for application to shocked materials, and difficulties that can be encountered. Each of these chapters also includes a section comparing static compression results. The last chapter offers an outlook for the future, which leads the next-generation readers to tackling persistent problems.

This book offers historical and state-of-the-art molecular spectroscopy methods and applications in dynamic compression science, aimed at the upcoming generation in physical sciences involved in studies of materials at extremes. It begins with addressing the motivation for probing shock compressed molecular materials with spectroscopy and then reviews historical developments and the basics of the various spectroscopic methods that have been utilized. Introductory chapters are devoted to fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy, overviews of dynamic compression technologies, and diagnostics used to quantify the shock compression state during spectroscopy experiments. Subsequent chapters describe all the molecular spectroscopic methods used in shock compression research to date, including theory, experimental details for application to shocked materials, and difficulties that can be encountered. Each of these chapters also includes a section comparing static compression results. The last chapter offers an outlook for the future, which leads the next-generation readers to tackling persistent problems.

The objectives of this work are described in the Introduction. Accomplishments are listed and experimental approaches are described briefly. A summary is given of spectroscopy experiments in CS2 and other materials. Conclusions are: i) there is no evidence in CS2 of an unique shock effect other than that resulting from rapid increase of pressure and temperature which accompanies compression, ii) metastable states, which can be sampled only by rapid compression, are achieved in these experiments, iii) chemical reaction rates can be measured and critical pressures and temperatures can be determined from spectral measurements in this regime, iv) changes in the UV and visible spectra of liquids studied vary from no observable effect to shifts of thousands of angstroms in absorption band edges for pressure less than 130 kbars, v) observed spectral changes in liquid CS2 are cooperative in nature and become very small or zero at infinite dilution, vi) a combination of static high pressure and shock compression measurements is particularly valuable in unravelling the physical processes, involved, vii) shock experiments appear to represent a particularly useful adjunct to and extension of chemical processes in liquids under conditions of high temperatures and pressures. Keywords: Shock waves; Dynamic compression, Time-resolved spectroscopy, Carbon disulfide.

High-pressure Molecular Spectroscopy describes examples of the applications of several spectroscopic methods to investigate the behavior of various chemical systems under high pressures, including guest-host interactions, chemical reactions, molecule-based multiferroics, lanthanide ion-doped glasses, and organic, inorganic and organometallic materials. The techniques involved include: Luminescence studies Inelastic neutron scattering Infrared and Raman studies Synchrotron X-ray diffraction

David I.A. Millar's thesis explores the effects of extreme conditions on energetic materials. His study identifies and structurally characterises new polymorphs obtained at high pressures and/or temperatures. The performance of energetic materials (pyrotechnics, propellants and explosives) can depend on a number of factors including sensitivity to detonation, detonation velocity, and chemical and thermal stability. Polymorphism and solid-state phase transitions may therefore have significant consequences for the performance and safety of energetic materials. In order to model the behaviour of these important materials effectively under operational conditions it is essential to obtain detailed structural information at a range of temperatures and pressures.

This book introduces the core concepts of the shock wave physics of condensed matter, taking a continuum mechanics approach to examine liquids and isotropic solids. The text primarily focuses on one-dimensional uniaxial compression in order to show the key features of condensed matter’s response to shock wave loading. The first four chapters are specifically designed to quickly familiarize physical scientists and engineers with how shock waves interact with other shock waves or material boundaries, as well as to allow readers to better understand shock wave literature, use basic data analysis techniques, and design simple 1-D shock wave experiments. This is achieved by first presenting the steady one-dimensional strain conservation laws using shock wave impedance matching, which insures conservation of mass, momentum and energy. Here, the initial emphasis is on the meaning of shock wave and mass velocities in a laboratory coordinate system. An overview of basic experimental techniques for measuring pressure, shock velocity, mass velocity, compression and internal energy of steady 1-D shock waves is then presented. In the second part of the book, more advanced topics are progressively introduced: thermodynamic surfaces are used to describe equilibrium flow behavior, first-order Maxwell solid models are used to describe time-dependent flow behavior, descriptions of detonation shock waves in ideal and non-ideal explosives are provided, and lastly, a select group of current issues in shock wave physics are discussed in the final chapter.

Developing and testing novel energetic materials is an expanding branch of the materials sciences. Reaction, detonation or explosion of such materials invariably produce extremely high pressures and temperatures. To study the equations-of-state (EOS) of energetic materials in extreme regimes both shock and static high pressure studies are required. The present volume is an introduction and review of theoretical, experimental and numerical aspects of static compression of such materials. Chapter 1 introduces the basic experimental tool, the diamond anvil pressure cell and the observational techniques used with it such as optical microscopy, infrared spectrometry and x-ray diffraction. Chapter 2 outlines the principles of high-nitrogen energetic materials synthesis. Chapters 3 and 4, examine and compare various EOS formalisms and data fitting for crystalline and non-crystalline materials, respectively. Chapter 5 details the reaction kinetics of detonating energetic materials. Chapter 6 investigates the interplay between static and dynamic (shock) studies. Finally, Chapters 7 and 8 introduce numerical simulations: molecular dynamics of energetic materials under either hydrostatic or uni-axial stress and ab-inito treatments of defects in crystalline materials. This timely volume meets the growing demand for a state-of-the art introduction and review of the most relevant aspects of static compression of energetic materials and will be a valuable reference to researchers and scientists working in academic, industrial and governmental research laboratories.