The primary fare management objective of passenger carriers is to match a competitor’s fare. This is based on the premise that in a capital- and asset-intensive industry, the marginal cost of adding passengers is very low and hence the focus is to protect and retain market share and pay down fixed costs. Consequently, a carrier’s fare actions are mostly reactive. Fare changes could be classified into two groups, regional or system-wide fare changes and market-specific changes. The former consists mainly of sales and general increases on all fares. Sales are always matched except when an existing sale provides a better incentive to the public than the new one. Market-specific fare changes are typically triggered by a single carrier based on the carrier’s perceived dominance in a market or based on schedule-related service changes in the market. When a fare action is triggered by a carrier, other carriers typically respond with an identical response to protect market share regardless of the revenue impacts. Sometimes, the reaction ripples through other markets or differs from the original change, inducing a series of cascading changes. This behaviour of reactive fare response is consistent with the desire of most passenger transportation executives to retain and protect market share. Research dating back to the nineteenth century confirms that price matching in the competitive marketplace can be an optimal strategy. In this module, we begin by looking at latency in the price planning and execution process. We describe fare dimensions, fare types, and the classification of fare products along with usage rules and purchase restrictions. The second part introduces the fare management process. The next section is on how fare management impacts revenue management.

This text combines the market leading writing and presentation skills of Bill Stevenson with integrated, thorough, Excel modeling from Ceyhun Ozgur. Professor Ozgur teaches Management Science, Operations, and Statistics using Excel, at the undergrad and MBA levels at Valparaiso University --and Ozgur developed and tested all examples, problems and cases with his students. The authors have written this text for students who have no significant mathematics training and only the most elementary experience with Excel.

This book provides students with a clear, contemporary, and fully Canadian context for understanding Organizational Theory and Change. It explores many facets of Organizational Design, including the challenges presented by emerging new technologies and the global environment. It also addresses the key issues and problems that inform the process of organizational change and transformation, identifying direct and clear managerial implications.

TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 80: A Toolkit for Self-Service, Barrier-Free Fare Collection addresses the full range of issues and parameters-including policy and enforcement issues, operational issues, and capital and equipment issues-that an agency must consider in determining the applicability of self-service fare collection systems.

Winner of the Project Management Institute’s David I. Cleland Project Management Literature Award 2010 It’s no wonder that project managers spend so much time focusing their attention on risk identification. Important projects tend to be time constrained, pose huge technical challenges, and suffer from a lack of adequate resources. Identifying and Managing Project Risk, now updated and consistent with the very latest Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK)® Guide, takes readers through every phase of a project, showing them how to consider the possible risks involved at every point in the process. Drawing on real-world situations and hundreds of examples, the book outlines proven methods, demonstrating key ideas for project risk planning and showing how to use high-level risk assessment tools. Analyzing aspects such as available resources, project scope, and scheduling, this new edition also explores the growing area of Enterprise Risk Management. Comprehensive and completely up-to-date, this book helps readers determine risk factors thoroughly and decisively...before a project gets derailed.

TCRP Report 94: Fare Policies, Structures and Technologies: Update identifies, describes, and evaluates key fare structures, policies, and technologies that are being considered by transit agencies, with a focus on their impact on customers, operations management, and effective and equitable fare integration. The report includes data on fare structures, policy-making procedures, and ongoing efforts to implement fare technology. This report provides guidance on making decisions related to fare policies, structures, and technologies. It includes practical information that can be readily used by transit professionals and policy makers in fare-related planning and decision making. This report updates information presented in TCRP Reports 10 and 32 and presents the latest developments and research results related to fare policy and technology issues.