Passenger carrier seats are a perishable inventory. Once a departure leaves, any opportunity to gain revenue from the empty seats are lost. As we have seen in the previous modules, maximum revenue gains can be captured from a departure if all seats are sold and all demand for full-fare seats is met. Booking class assignment based on economic value and optimal seat allocation can lead to large revenue gains. However, carrier seats can also be “spoiled” or depart empty due to passengers who do not show up to board the departure. Carriers need to take steps to avoid or minimise spoilage in order to maximise revenues. In this module, we begin by defining spoilage, explaining why carriers need to overbook, and discussing some implications of this practice. The second section looks at how carriers actually determine optimal overbooking levels to compensate for passenger “no-shows”. The final section introduces some other overbooking measures and considerations including planning for pre-departure cancellations and multi-compartment upgrading.

What is revenue management and why is it needed in the passenger transportation industry of today and tomorrow? Revenue management first appeared in the carrier industry starting in the early 1980s. It arose from the need for accurate demand estimates and resource allocations in the newly deregulated environment. Therefore we begin this book and this module with a look back at the main causes and consequences of carrier deregulation in North America. The second section is an introduction to the basics of revenue management and will serve as a foundation for the rest of the modules in this course. In the final section, we look to the future and consider how the internet is changing ticket distribution and some of the challenges and opportunities that it has created.

Carrier seats are a perishable inventory. Once a departure leaves, opportunity to gain revenue from the empty seats is lost. As we have seen in the previous modules, maximum revenue gains can be captured from a departure if all seats are sold and all demand for full-fare seats is met. Booking class assignment based on economic value and optimal seat allocation can lead to large revenue gains. However, carrier seats can also be "spoiled" or depart empty due to passengers who do not show up to board. Carriers need to take steps to avoid or minimise spoilage in order to maximise revenues.In this module, we begin by defining spoilage, explaining why carriers need to overbook, and discussing some implications of this practice. The second section looks at how carriers actually determine optimal overbooking levels to compensate for passenger "no-shows." The final section introduces some other overbooking measures and considerations including planning for pre-departure cancellations and multi-compartment upgrading.

As we learned in module 6, if the number of seats that you could book on a departure was limited to the physical capacity of the equipment, there would be spoilage due to passengers who don’t show up to board or who cancel their bookings prior to departure. However, the previous module focused on spoilage management as it relates to the “no-show” and pre-departure cancellation behaviour of individual passengers. This module focuses on group travel management. As you will see, the pre-departure cancellation behaviour of groups is distinctive. In the first section, we begin by describing the types and general characteristics of group travel. In section 2, we look at the process and considerations involved in evaluating a group’s request for seats. The final section addresses group travel cancellation behaviours and the strategies used by passenger carriers to compensate for these pre-departure cancellations in order to avoid spoilage.

Revenue management in the passenger transportation industry involves managing demand for seats. To manage demand effectively and efficiently, it is important to understand and anticipate the effects of market forces on potential demand. A high level of analysis and preparation will allow you to better address the effects of forces outside of your control and ensure that the decisions you make are based on insight and fully support business objectives. In this module, we begin by looking at the characteristics of passenger demand for travel and discuss a number of factors that influence that demand. The second section focuses on different demand strategies. This includes basic steps you can take to reduce or increase demand and the consequences of maintaining the status quo. The final section looks at forecasting demand. We discuss the importance of forecasting demand accurately, the methods used in forecasting, as well as the roles of the revenue analyst, computerized revenue management systems, and effective business processes.

Performance measurement involves monitoring the values of carefully chosen key performance indicators to determine progress toward specific, defined objectives. In the passenger transportation industry, performance measurement can be used to monitor when and where passengers are travelling, spot variations or trends, measure outcomes of business strategies, document changes in revenues, estimate outcomes of sales strategies, and indicate how well passenger carrier objectives are being met. This module presents an overview of the rationale behind a performance measurement system and covers some of the logistics and objectives involved in its implementation. You will learn how to ensure that the system continues over time to provide the useful information needed to further improve carrier performance. This is done in part through the selection and updating of key performance indicators. The final section discusses several types of performance reports commonly used in the carrier industry.

Revenue management (RM) has emerged as one of the most important new business practices in recent times. This book is the first comprehensive reference book to be published in the field of RM. It unifies the field, drawing from industry sources as well as relevant research from disparate disciplines, as well as documenting industry practices and implementation details. Successful hardcover version published in April 2004.

In this updated paperback edition of a "rich, readable, and authoritative" Fortune) book, Wall Street Journal reporter Petzinger tells the dramatic story of how a dozen men, including Robert Crandall of American Airlines, Frank Borman of Eastern, and Richard Ferris of United, battled for control of the world's airlines.

Large volume food processing and preparation operations have increased the need for improved sanitary practices from processing to consumption. This trend presents a challenge to every employee in the food processing and food prepara tion industry. Sanitation is an applied science for the attainment of hygienic conditions. Because of increased emphasis on food safety, sanitation is receiving increased attention from those in the food industry. Traditionally, inexperienced employees with few skills who have received little or no training have been delegated sanitation duties. Yet sanitation employees require intensive training. In the past, these employees, including sanitation program managers, have had only limited access to material on this subject. Technical information has been confined primarily to a limited number of training manuals provided by regulatory agen cies, industry and association manuals, and recommendations from equipment and cleaning compound firms. Most of this material lacks specific information related to the selection of appropriate cleaning methods, equipment, compounds, and sanitizers for maintaining hygienic conditions in food processing and prepara tion facilities. The purpose of this text is to provide sanitation information needed to ensure hygienic practices. Sanitation is a broad subject; thus, principles related to con tamination, cleaning compounds, sanitizers, and cleaning equipment, and specific directions for applying these principles to attain hygienic conditions in food processing and food preparation are discussed. The discussion starts with the importance of sanitation and also includes regulatory requirements and voluntary sanitation programs including additional and updated information on Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP).

Game Master Matthew Mercer joins Eisner Award-winning writer Darcy van Poelgeest (LittleBird) and fan-favorite artist CoupleofKooks in a brand new Critical Role story from the mighty Kryn Dynasty, collected in a trade paperback and ready to take its place in your Critical Role library. Could the fabled Luxon be the downfall of the Kryn Dynasty? Leylas Kryn, the Bright Queen, has spent multiple lives in pursuit of assembling the otherworldly Luxon. So when another piece appears nearby, Leylas sends her eternal lover Quana to collect it...with consequences that may threaten the entire Dynasty! Hope for the future clashes with darkness from the past in a stellar new story from the world of Critical Role!