"In September 1838, a twenty-five-year-old tutor at Harvard named Jones Very stood before his beginning Greek class and proclaimed himself the Second Coming. Relieved of his teaching duties, Very spent the next two years writing more than four hundred sonnets, all of which he claimed were delivered to him, as though through dictation, by the Holy Spirit. He was examined by the dean of romantic Unitarianism, William Ellery Channing, and strove to "convert" Nathaniel Hawthorne and several luminaries of the Transcendentalist movement, including Ralph Waldo Emerson. Many were moved by Very's obsessed presence and by the quiet, controlled poetry that spilled forth during his season of spiritual ecstasy. God's Scrivener: The Madness and Meaning of Jones Very is a comprehensive literary biography of this mystic poet of Transcendentalism, the first fully researched reconsideration of an unusual but important figure in American literature in over fifty years. Born into the same recalcitrant Salem that produced Hawthorne, Very overcame repeated tragedies and a questionable family reputation to become a star student at Harvard. But after he graduated, he pursued a revolutionary regimen to give up all trace of personal will and transform himself, anticipating the most famous passage in Emerson's Nature, into "part or particle of God." Clark Davis's masterful biography shows how Very came to embody both the full radicalism of Emerson's vision, exposing the trap of isolation, and the emptiness that lay in wait for those who sought complete transcendence"--

The idea that citizens' advancement should depend exclusively on merit, on qualities that deserve reward rather than on bloodlines or wire-pulling, was among the Founding ideals of the American republic, Joseph F. Kett argues in this provocative and engaging book. Merit's history, he contends, is best understood within the context of its often conflicting interaction with the other ideals of the Founding, equal rights and government by consent. Merit implies difference; equality suggests sameness. By sanctioning selection of those lower down by those higher up, merit potentially conflicts with the republican ideal that citizens consent to the decisions that affect their lives.In Merit, which traces the history of its subject over three centuries, Kett asserts that Americans have reconciled merit with other principles of the Founding in ways that have shaped their distinctive approach to the grading of public schools, report cards, the forging of workplace hierarchies, employee rating forms, merit systems in government, the selection of officers for the armed forces, and standardized testing for intelligence, character, and vocational interests. Today, the concept of merit is most commonly associated with measures by which it is quantified.Viewing their merit as an element of their selfhood—essential merit—members of the Founding generation showed no interest in quantitative measurements. Rather, they equated merit with an inner quality that accounted for their achievements and that was best measured by their reputations among their peers. In a republic based on equal rights and consent of the people, however, it became important to establish that merit-based rewards were within the grasp of ordinary Americans. In response, Americans embraced institutional merit in the form of procedures focused on drawing small distinctions among average people. They also developed a penchant for increasing the number of winners in competitions—what Kett calls "selection in" rather than "selection out"—in order to satisfy popular aspirations. Kett argues that values rooted in the Founding of the republic continue to influence Americans’ approach to controversies, including those surrounding affirmative action, which involve the ideal of merit.

Includes entries for maps and atlases.