The interplay of magnetism and electronic correlations dominates the physical properties of many rare-earth elements and their compounds. The investigation of the mutual influence of the localized 4f electrons and itinerant band electrons represents a challenging task in theoretical as well as experimental physics. Research areas of current interest are the electronic structure as determined from calculations and spectroscopies, the magnetic properties in three- and low-dimensional systems, open questions concerning transport such as spin disorder resistivity, and the influence of structure and morphology.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the fascinating recent developments in atomic- and nanoscale magnetism, including the physics of individual magnetic adatoms and single spins, the synthesis of molecular magnets for spintronic applications, and the magnetic properties of small clusters as well as non-collinear spin textures, such as spin spirals and magnetic skyrmions in ultrathin films and nanostructures. Starting from the level of atomic-scale magnetic interactions, the book addresses the emergence of many-body states in quantum magnetism and complex spin states resulting from the competition of such interactions, both experimentally and theoretically. It also introduces novel microscopic and spectroscopic techniques to reveal the exciting physics of magnetic adatom arrays and nanostructures at ultimate spatial and temporal resolution and demonstrates their applications using various insightful examples. The book is intended for researchers and graduate students interested in recent developments of one of the most fascinating fields of condensed matter physics.

This volume reviews selected aspects related to surface magnetism. It emphasizes the correlation of structural, electronic and magnetic properties in rare earth metal systems and ferromagnetic transition metals.

Volume 13 of the Handbook of Magnetic Materials, as the preceding volumes, has a dual purpose. As a textbook it is intended to be of assistance to those who wish to be introduced to a given topic in the field of magnetism without the need to read the vast amount of literature published. As a work of reference it is intended for scientists active in magnetism research. To this dual purpose, Volume 13 of the Handbook is composed of topical review articles written by leading authorities. In each of these articles an extensive description is given in graphical as well as in tabular form, much emphasis being placed on the discussion of the experimental material in the framework of physics, chemistry and material science. In Chapter 1 of this volume a general review of the experimental work on interlayer exchange coupling is presented along with a discussion of the current understanding of this field. There exists an extensive amount of scientific efforts devoted to 4f and 5f systems, including experimental and theoretical, as well as basic and applied research. Chapter 2 aims at reviewing a part of these efforts from the viewpoint of microscopic theory. Special attention is paid to the many new developments in the field. One of the intentions is to bring to the fore the darker areas of DFT theory applications. A review of novel experimental results and first-principle energy-band calculations of MOKE spectra will be presented in Chapter 3. Conventional co-operative phenomena, such as long-range order and elementary excitation, have realisations in nonmagnetic situations. This applies also to the phenomena of geometrical frustration. In Chapter 4 this topic is addressed by developing the basic principles underlying the magnetic phenomena.

Condensed matter is one of the most active fields of physics, with a stream of discoveries in areas from superfluidity and magnetism to the optical, electronic and mechanical properties of materials such as semiconductors, polymers and carbon nanotubes. It includes the study of well-characterised solid surfaces, interfaces and nanostructures as well as studies of molecular liquids (molten salts, ionic solutions, liquid metals and semiconductors) and soft matter systems (colloidal suspensions, polymers, surfactants, foams, liquid crystals, membranes, biomolecules etc., including glasses and biological aspects of soft matter. This book presents state-of-the-art research in this exciting field.

Photoemission is one of the principal techniques for the characterization and investigation of condensed matter systems. The field has experienced many developments in recent years, which may also be put down to important achievements in closely related areas. This timely and up-to-date handbook is written by experts in the field who provide the background needed by both experimentalists and theorists. It represents an interesting framework for showing the connection between theory and experiment by bringing together different concepts in the investigation of the properties of materials. The work addresses the geometric and electronic structure of solid surfaces and interfaces, theoretical methods for direct computation of spectra, experimental techniques for data acquisition, and physical models for direct data interpretation. It also includes such recent developments as full hemisphere acceptance in photoemission, two-electron photoemission, (e, 2e) electron diffraction, and photoelectron-electron/hole interaction.

Electronic structure and physical properties of strongly correlated materials containing elements with partially filled 3d, 4d, 4f and 5f electronic shells is analyzed by Dynamical Mean-Field Theory (DMFT). DMFT is the most universal and effective tool used for the theoretical investigation of electronic states with strong correlation effects. In the present book the basics of the method are given and its application to various material classes is shown. The book is aimed at a broad readership: theoretical physicists and experimentalists studying strongly correlated systems. It also serves as a handbook for students and all those who want to be acquainted with fast developing filed of condensed matter physics.

The Structure of Rare-Earth Metal Surfaces introduces the concepts of surface crystallography and surface-structure determination, outlines the principles of the most widely used experimental techniques and theoretical simulations, and reviews their application to the surfaces of rare-earth metals. In particular, the results of quantitative low-energy electron-diffraction experiments and multiple-scattering calculations are covered in some depth. The book is aimed at science graduates with an interest in surface crystallography. Contents: Introduction to the Rare Earths; The Basics of Surface Structure; Surface Structure Techniques; Crystal Growth and Surface Preparation; Rare-Earth Surface Science; Quantitative Low-Energy Electron Diffraction; Quantitative LEED Results; Summary OCo Past, Present and Future. Readership: Researchers in surface and interface science, crystallography, condensed matter physics and computational physics."

Materials where electrons show nearly localized rather than itinerant behaviour, such as the high-temperature superconducting copper oxides, or manganate oxides, are attracting interest due to their physical properties and potential applications. For these materials, the interaction between electrons, or electron correlation, plays an important role in describing their electronic strucuture, and the standard methods for the calculation of their electronic spectra based on the local density approximation (LDA) breakdown. This is the first attempt to describe recent approaches that go beyond the concept of the LDA, to successfully describe the electronic structure of narrow-band materials.