The frozen-hydrated specimen is the principal element that unifies the subject of low temperature microscopy, and frozen-hydrated specimens are what this book is all about. Freezing the sample as quickly as possible and then further preparing the specimen for microscopy or microanalysis, whether still embedded in ice or not: there seem to be as many variations on this theme as there are creative scientists with problems of structure and composition to investigate. Yet all share a body of com mon fact and theory upon which their work must be based. Low-Temperature Micros copy and Analysis provides, for the first time, a comprehensive treatment of all the elements to which one needs access. What is the appeal behind the use of frozen-hydrated specimens for biological electron microscopy, and why is it so important that such a book should now have been written? If one cannot observe dynamic events as they are in progress, rapid specimen freezing at least offers the possibility to trap structures, organelles, macro molecules, or ions and other solutes in a form that is identical to what the native structure was like at the moment of trapping. The pursuit of this ideal becomes all the more necessary in electron microscopy because of the enormous increase in resolution that is available with electron-optical instruments, compared to light optical microscopes.

This comprehensive reference illustrates optimal preparation methods in biological electron microscopy compared with common methodological problems. Not only will the basic methodologies of transmission electron microscopy like fixation, microtomy, and microscopy be presented, but the authors also endeavor to illustrate more specialized techniques such as negative staining, autoradiography, cytochemistry, immunoelectron microscopy, and computer-assisted image analysis. - Authored by the key leaders in the biological electron microscopy field - Illustrates both optimal and suboptimal or artifactual results in a variety of electron microscopy disciplines - Introduces students on how to read and interpret electron micrographs

Electron Microscopy and Analysis 1997 celebrates the centenary anniversary of the discovery of the electron by J.J. Thomson in Cambridge and the fiftieth anniversary of this distinguished Institute group. The book includes papers on the early history of electron microscopy (from P. Hawkes), the development of the scanning electron microscope at Cambridge (from K. Smith), electron energy loss spectroscopy (from L.M. Brown), imaging methods (from J. Spence), and the future of electron microscopy (from C. Humphreys). Covering a wide range of applications of advanced techniques, it discusses electron imaging, electron energy-loss and x-ray analysis, and scanning probe and electron beam microscopies. This volume is a handy reference for professionals using microscopes in all areas of physics, materials science, metallurgy, and surface science to gain an overview of developments in our understanding of materials microstructure and of advances in microscope interrogation techniques.

Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization are widely used biomedical sciences. They are essential in medical diagnosis and in cell biology research. Affinity labeling is the central goal of the experimental strategy involving a series of techniques in a logical order; from the effects of specimen fixation, through specimen preparation to expose the antigen, to optimizing immunolabeling, to assessing the result and finally to safety considerations. Numerous examples of these techniques in biomedical sciences are included, as well as experimental assays and practical tips. This survey of methods will serve as an invaluable reference source in any laboratory setting (academic, industrial or clinical) involved in research in almost every branch of biology or medicine, as well as in pharmaceutical, biotechnological and clinical applications.

This book discusses the principles, methods, and applications of immunogold-silver staining (IGSS) to biomedical areas. It focuses on the latest advances in the dynamic and progressive field of IGSS.

The first edition of this book was widely praised as an excellent introduction to electron microscopy for materials scientists, physicists, earth and biological scientists. This completely revised new edition contains expanded coverage of existing topics and much new material. The author presents the subject of electron microscopy in a readable way, open both to those inexperienced in the technique, and also to practising electron microscopists. The coverage has been brought completely up to date, whilst retaining descriptions of early classic techniques. Currently live topics such as computer control of microscopes, energy-filtered imaging, cryo- and environmental microscopy, digital imaging, and high resolution scanning and transmission microscopy are all described. The highly praised case studies of the first edition have been expanded to include some interesting new examples. This indispensable guide to electron microscopy, written by an author with thirty years practical experience, will be invaluable to new and experienced electron microscopists in any area of science and technology.

Since the start of biological studies using the transmission electron microscope scientists have sought to develop procedures for the preparation and investigation of the thinly spread specimens of biological particulates. Negative Staining and Cryoelect

The aim of this book is to provide information about performing experi ments at low temperatures, as well as basic facts concerning the low tem perature properties of liquid and solid matter. To orient the reader, I begin with chapters on these low temperature properties. The major part of the book is then devoted to refrigeration techniques and to the physics on which they are based. Of equal importance, of course, are the definition and measurement of temperature; hence low temperature thermometry is extensively discussed in subsequent chapters. Finally, I describe a variety of design and construction techniques which have turned out to be useful over the years. The content of the book is based on the three-hour-per-week lecture course which I have given several times at the University of Bayreuth between 1983 and 1991. It should be particularly suited for advanced stu dents whose intended masters (diploma) or Ph.D. subject is experimental condensed matter physics at low temperatures. However, I believe that the book will also be of value to experienced scientists, since it describes sev eral very recent advances in experimental low temperature physics and technology, for example, new developments in nuclear refrigeration and thermometry.