As the HVACR industry continues to move forward and innovate, the refrigerants that were once so commonplace are now being phased out. Replacing them are more energy efficient, environmentally friendlier refrigerants, known as Low GWP refrigerants. Many of these new refrigerants are classified by ASHRAE as A2L, or slightly flammable. The industry is also seeing expanded use of some hydrocarbon (A3) refrigerants, such as propane and isobutane. Students and technicians will require additional training for the safe handling and transportation of these refrigerants. The Low GWP refrigerant program manual covers: Refrigerant safety Introduction to Low GWP refrigerants Refrigerant properties and characteristics The refrigeration cycle Working with refrigerant blends Proper installation and service guidelines Flammable refrigerant considerations Explanation of the associated codes and standards for A2L refrigerants

Fishing vessels can be equipped with energy efficient refrigeration technology applying natural working fluids. Ammonia refrigeration systems have been the first choice, but CO2 units have also become increasingly common in the maritime sector in the last few years. When retrofitting or implementing CO2 refrigeration plants, less space on board is required and such units allow good service and maintenance. Nowadays, cruise ship owners prefer CO2 units for the provision refrigeration plants.Ship owners, responsible for the health and safety of the crew and passengers, must carefully evaluate the usage of flammable low GWP working fluids, due to a high risk that toxic decomposition products are formed, even without the presence of an open flame. Suggestions for further work include a Nordic Technology Hub for global marine refrigeration R&D and development support for key components.

This book covers major technological advancements in, and evolving applications of, thermal and photovoltaic solar energy systems. Advances in technologies for harnessing solar energy are extensively discussed, with topics including the fabrication, compaction and optimization of energy grids, solar cells and panels. Leading international experts discuss the applications, challenges and future prospects of research in this increasingly vital field, providing a valuable resource for all researchers working in this field.

Refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pumps (RACHP) have an important impact on the final energy uses of many sectors of modern society, such as residential, commercial, industrial, transport, and automotive. Moreover, RACHP also have an important environmental impact due to the working fluids that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, which are being phased out according to the Montreal Protocol (1989). Last, but not least, high global working potential (GWP), working fluids (directly), and energy consumption (indirectly) are responsible for a non-negligible quota of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere, thus impacting climate change.

This book contains the papers from the 2013 International Conference on Compressors and Their Systems, held from 9-10 September at City University London. The long-running conference series is the ultimate global forum for reviewing the latest developments and novel approaches in compressor research. High-quality technical papers are sourced from around the globe, covering technology development, operation, maintenance and reliability, safety and environmental impact, energy efficiency and carbon footprint, system integration and behaviour, upgrades and refurbishment, design and manufacture, education and professional development. All the papers are previously unpublished and constitute leading edge research. - Presents leading edge developments in compressor technology - Gives the latest prediction and modelling techniques - Details the new technology and machinery

The new and improved IIAR 2 is the definitive design safety standard of the ammonia refrigeration industry - IIAR 2 has undergone extensive revision since the 2008 (with Addendum B) edition was published on December 3, 2012. A major focus of changes made to this edition has been incorporating topics traditionally addressed in other codes and standards so that IIAR 2 can eventually serve as a single, comprehensive standard covering safe design of closed-circuit ammonia refrigeration systems.

* Third edition of a well-known and well established text both in industry and for teaching * Fully up-to-date and includes extra problems This book is an aid to heat exchanger design written primarily for design and development engineers in the chemical process, power generation, and refrigeration industries. It provides a comprehensive reference on two-phase flows, boiling, and condensation. The text covers all the latest advances like flows over tube bundles and two-phase heat transfer regarding refrigerants and petrochemicals. Another feature of this third edition is many new problems at chapter ends to enhance its use as a teaching text for graduate and post-graduate courses on two-phase flow and heat transfer. - ;This book is written for practising engineers as a comprehensive reference on two-phase flows, boiling, and condensation. It deals with methods for estimating two-phase flow pressure drops and heat transfer rates. It is a well-known reference book in its third edition and is also used as a text for advanced university courses. Both authors write from practical experience as both are professional engineers. -

This 78-page book provides a comprehensive overview of the heat pump system, it¿s operations and principles. The heat pumps covered in this book are basic systems. The intent of the book is to offer technicians information to build upon to enhance their knowledge of the air conditioning and heating field, specifically, heat pumps. Before installing or servicing a heat pump system, the technician must have proper training and knowledge of air conditioning/refrigeration theory, principles and operation. New highly efficient equipment heat pump systems using HFC refrigerant (R-410A) are being sold and installed. These systems pose new demands for installers and service technicians. A heat pump¿s efficiency can be greatly diminished, regardless of the type of refrigerant, if it is not properly installed, serviced and maintained.