Loudness is the primary psychological correlate of intensity. When the intensity of a sound increases, loudness increases. However, there exists no simple one-to-one correspondence between loudness and intensity; loudness can be changed by modifying the frequency or the duration of the sound, or by adding background sounds. Loudness also changes with the listener’s cognitive state. Loudness provides a basic reference for graduate students, consultants, clinicians, and researchers with a focus on recent discoveries. The book begins with an overview of the conceptual thinking related to the study of loudness, addresses issues related to its measurement, and later discusses the physiological effects of loud sounds, reaction times and electrophysiological measures that correlate with loudness. Loudness in the laboratory, loudness of steady-state sounds and the loudness of time-varying sounds are also covered, as are hearing loss and models.

Calculations of the rotational-noise and vortex noise loudness levels at distances of 300 and 1000 feet have been made for a large number of propellers in forward flight of 50 to 200 miles per hour and for engine ratings of 100 to 300 horsepower. Propellers of two, four, six, and eight blades, diameters of 6, 8, and 10 feet, and rotational speeds of 1000 to 2000 rpm are considered. Calculated results are presented in chart form for convenience of designers of propellers for applications in which loudness is an important consideration.

Essay from the year 2012 in the subject Economics - Statistics and Methods, grade: 10.5/10, Cornell University, course: INFO 2040: Networks , language: English, abstract: This paper examines the game theory and market theory behind the "loudness war" and why record companies are sacrifice sound quality to make their CDs louder.