Il y a aujourd'hui de nombreuses raisons de revenir a la situation des sciences du langage a la charniere des XIX et XX siecle: retour de la question de l'origine du langage, interrogations sur le statut cognitif de l'activite langagiere, multiplication des travaux de comparaison et de typologie des langues, eclatement de la linguistique en sciences du langage... Avec les Antinomies linguistiques, Victor Henry livre en 1896 une reflexion principielle sur la linguistique et ses rapports avec les autres sciences humaines en voie de constitution. Le present ouvrage souhaite a la fois reunir des informations precises sur une figure oubliee de l'histoire des idees linguistiques modernes dans la plupart de ses champs d'activite, et reconstituer sans complaisance ni visee teleologique une partie du reseau d'influences, de problematiques, d'idees novatrices, d'inerties institutionnelles... que le succes du Cours de Saussure et celui du structuralisme a partiellement occulte. En quoi consiste la generalite de la linguistique generale de la fin du XIX siecle? Comment emerge le theme de l'autonomie de la linguistique a cette epoque? Quels espoirs pouvait-on placer dans la psychologie du langage alors en pleine essor? Ces questions sont permanentes. Elles ne sont pas eternelles. Les reponses qu'on y apporte sont l'objet d'une histoire a laquelle ce volume entend contribuer.

In 1896, a young Genevan medium named Hélène Smith perceived in trance the following words from a Martian inhabitant: "michma michtmon mimini thouainenm mimatchineg." Those attending her séance dutifully transcribed these words and the event marked the beginning of a series of occult experiences that transported her to the red planet. In her state of trance, Smith came to produce foreign conversations, a new alphabet, and paintings of the Martian surroundings that captured the popular and scientific imagination of Geneva. Alongside her Martian travels, she also retrieved memories of her past lives as a fifteenth-century "Hindoo" princess and as Queen Marie Antoinette. Today, Smith's séances may appear to be nothing more than eccentric practices at the margins of modernity. As author Claudie Massicotte argues, however, the medium came to embody the extreme possibilities of a new form of subjectivity, with her séances becoming important loci for pioneering authors' discoveries in psychology, linguistics, and the arts. Through analyses of archival documents, correspondences, and publications on the medium, Massicotte sheds light on the role of women in the construction of turn-of-the-century psychological discourses, showing how Smith challenged traditional representations of female patients as powerless victims and passive objects of powerful doctors. She shows how the medium became the site of conflicting theories about subjectivity--specifically one's relationship to embodiment, desire, language, art, and madness--while unleashing a radical form of creativity that troubled existing paradigms of modern sciences. Massicotte skillfully retraces the story of this prolific figure and the authors, scientists, and artists she inspired in order to bring to light a forgotten chapter in modern intellectual history.

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Ferdinand de Saussure's Cours de linguistique g n rale was posthumously composed by his students from the notes they had made at his lectures. The book became one of the most influential works of the twentieth century, giving direction to modern linguistics and inspiration to literary and cultural theory. Before he died Saussure told friends he was writing up the lectures himself but no evidence of this was found. Eighty years later in 1996 a manuscript in Saussure's hand was discovered in the orangerie of his family house in Geneva. This proved to be the missing original of the great work. It is published now in English for the first time in an edition edited by Simon Bouquet and Rudolf Engler, and translated and introduced by Carol Sanders and Matthew Pires, all leading Saussure scholars. The book includes an earlier discovered manuscript on the philosophy of language, Saussure's own notes for lectures, and a comprehensive bibliography of major work on Saussure from 1970 to 2004. It is remarkable that for eighty years the understanding of Saussure's thought has depended on an incomplete and non-definitive text, the sometimes aphoristic formulations of which gave rise to many creative interpretations and arguments for and against Saussure. Did he, or did he not, see language as a-social and a-historical? Did he, or did he not, rule out the study of speech within linguistics? Was he a reductionist? These disputes and many others can now be resolved on the basis of the work now published. This reveals new depth and subtetly in Saussure's thoughts on the nature and complex workings of language, particularly his famous binary oppositions between form and meaning, the sign and what is signified, and language (langue) and its performance (parole).

Avec ce recueil qui reunit dix-huit contributions, nous poursuivons la quete collective entreprise dans le volume L'enonciation mediatisee ou, pour eviter toute confusion conceptuelle et terminologique, une distinction avait ete introduite entre mediatif et enonciation mediatisee. Rappelons que, selon cette distinction, le terme de mediatif designe une categorie grammaticale qui, fondee sur des oppositions formelles au sein du systeme grammatical d'une langue, permet a l'enonciateur de presenter des situations (...) dont il n'assume pas la responsabilite pour en avoir eu connaissance par voie indirecte, d'ou la possibilite pour lui de manifester divers degres de distance par rapport au contenu de son propre message (Guentcheva 1996: 11).Notons que le mediatif exclut de son champ semantique tout fait presente comme un constat ou lie a la perception visuelle, que les degres de distance que l'enonciateur manifeste a l'egard du contenu propositionnel du message transmis, laissent l'enonce en dehors de toute assignation en vrai ou en faux (ibid.) et qu'il ne releve pas de la modalite epistemique. En revanche, l'enonciation mediatisee n'implique pas necessairement de procedes grammaticalises qui s'organisent en un systeme coherent au sein de la langue, bien que, dans un contexte particulier, une forme verbale puisse recevoir une valeur mediative ou qu'un element syntaxique comme certains adverbes ou expressions adverbiales puisse conduire a une interpretation mediative de la phrase.Rappelons egalement que les contributions au recueil en question attestaient de la complexite du phenomene mediatif, de la variete de procedes morphosyntaxiques et lexicaux mis en uvre dans l'expression de la notion de mediation (ou de mediatisation) et de la relation complexe que la categorie du mediatif entretient d'une part avec la valeur de resultativite liee au parfait et d'autre part, avec la modalite epistemique.C'est le questionnement sur cette variete de procedes morphosyntaxiques et sur la pertinence de la notion de mediation ou de mediatisation dans d'autres langues du monde qui est a l'origine de ce second volume.

Cet ouvrage s'inscrit dans le cadre des recherches en histoire des theories linguistiques et didactiques. Centre sur une oeuvre, celle de Charles Bally, il s'est construit a partir des questions qu'elle nous pose et que nous posons a travers elle. Le terme d'historicite dans le titre vient rappeler qu'au-dela des conditions de production du discours de Bally, de son contexte historico-geographique, epistemologique et culturel, les problematiques mises en place n'ont pas epuise - tant s'en faut - leur energie questionnante. Qu'il s'agisse de la stylistique, de la perspective enonciative et sociologique, de l'apprentissage et de l'enseignement des langues, ce theoricien du langage n'est plus a tirer de l'oubli, de l'indifference ou de la marginalisation. L'ambition est certes ici d'explorer plus avant telle facette de l'oeuvre d'un grand linguiste mais surtout de montrer que son travail s'inscrit a la confluence de problematiques essentielles pour la linguistique, la didactique des langues et les sciences humaines: les relations entre pensee et langage, entre langue et litterature, le sujet dans la langue, le systeme et ses variations, la langue a enseigner et a apprendre. Organisees en quatre ensembles (Theorie generale et elements de reception; Debats sur la stylistique; Problematiques enonciatives et sociolinguistiques; Langue, societe et ecole), les contributions du present volume dessinent un continuum marque de multiples recurrences comme si chacune d'elles disait a la fois la specificite d'une prise et la necessite d'un point de vue synthetique.

SCIENCE AND EMPIRES: FROM THE INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM TO THE BOOK Patrick PETITJEAN, Catherine JAMI and Anne Marie MOULIN The International Colloquium "Science and Empires - Historical Studies about Scientific De velopment and European Expansion" is the product of an International Colloquium, "Sciences and Empires - A Comparative History of Scien tific Exchanges: European Expansion and Scientific Development in Asian, African, American and Oceanian Countries". Organized by the REHSEIS group (Research on Epistemology and History of Exact Sciences and Scientific Institutions) of CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research), the colloquium was held from 3 to 6 April 1990 in the UNESCO building in Paris. This colloquium was an idea of Professor Roshdi Rashed who initiated this field of studies in France some years ago, and proposed "Sciences and Empires" as one of the main research programmes for the The project to organize such a colloquium was a bit REHSEIS group. of a gamble. Its subject, reflected in the title "Sciences and Empires", is not a currently-accepted sub-discipline of the history of science; rather, it refers to a set of questions which found autonomy only recently. The terminology was strongly debated by the participants and, as is frequently suggested in this book, awaits fuller clarification.

This volume offers a selection of papers presented during the 14th International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences (ICHoLS XIV, Paris, 2017). Part I brings together studies dealing with descriptive concepts. First examined is the notion of “accidens” in Latin grammar and its Greek counterparts. Other papers address questions with a strong echo in today’s linguistics: localism and its revival in recent semantics and syntax, the origin of the term “polysemy” and its adoption through Bréal, and the difficulties attending the description of prefabs, idioms and other “fixed expressions”. This first part also includes studies dealing with representations of linguistic phenomena, whether these concern the treatment of local varieties (so-called patois) in French research, or the import and epistemological function of spatial representations in descriptions of linguistic time. Or again, now taking the word “representation” literally, the visual display of grammatical relations, in the form of the first syntactic diagrams. Part II presents case studies which involve wider concerns, of a social nature: the “from below” approach to the history of Chinese Pidgin English underlines the social roles of speakers and the diversity of speech situations, while the scrutiny of Lhomond’s Latin and French textbooks demonstrates the interplay of pedagogical practice, cross-linguistic comparison and descriptive innovation. An overview of early descriptions of Central Australian languages reveals a whole spectrum of humanist to positivist and antihumanist stances during the colonial age. An overarching framework is also at play in the anthropological perspective championed by Meillet, whose socially and culturally oriented semantics is shown to live on in Benveniste. The volume ends with a paper on Trần Đức Thảo, whose work is an original synthesis between phenomenology and Marxist semiology, wielded against the “idealistic” doctrine of Saussure.

Book Description: Publication Date: August 30, 2011. "Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity" reveals the historical dynamics propelling two centuries of Ottoman and Turkish history. As mounting threats to imperial survival necessitated dynamic responses, ethnolinguistic and religious identities inspired alternative strategies for engaging with modernity. A radical, secularizing current of change competed with a conservative, Islamically committed current. Crises sharpened the differentiation of the two streams, forcing choices between them. The radical current began with the formation of reformist governmental elites and expanded with the advent of 'print capitalism', symbolized by the privately owned, Ottoman-language newspapers. The radicals engineered the 1908 Young Turk revolution, ruled empire and republic until 1950, made secularism a lasting 'belief system', and still retain powerful positions. The conservative current gained impetus from three history-making Islamic renewal movements, those of Mevlana Halid, Said Nursi, and Fethullah Gulen. Powerful under the empire, Islamic conservatives did not regain control of government until the 1980s. By then they, too, had their own influential media. Findley's reassessment of political, economic, social and cultural history reveals the dialectical interaction between radical and conservative currents of change, which alternately clashed and converged to shape late Ottoman and republican Turkish history.