This book provides a detailed description of light absorption and absorbents in seawaters with respect to provenance, region of the sea, depth of the occurrence and trophicity. The text is based on a substantial body of contemporary research results taken from the subject literature (over 400 references) and the work of the authors over a period of 30 years.

This book provides a detailed description of light absorption and absorbents in seawaters with respect to provenance, region of the sea, depth of the occurrence and trophicity. The text is based on a substantial body of contemporary research results taken from the subject literature (over 400 references) and the work of the authors over a period of 30 years.

Optical Oceanography

The Integrating Cavity Absorption Meter (ICAM), has been refined to enhance stability, sensitivity, and operational wavelength regions. The ICAM is, in principal, independent of scattering effects in the sample. The ICAM produces an effective path length which is on the order of several meters, consequently, the instrument is sensitive to small absorptions. Measurement results have resolved absorption coefficients as low as 0.004 m^-1. We present definitive results for the absorption spectra of pure water between 380 and 750 nm. The ICAM was field tested on board the USNS Bartlett during the GOMEX-1 cruise in the Gulf of Mexico during April of 1993. Water samples were collected with Niskin bottles and the total absorption spectra of the seawater was measured. Particulates were removed from the seawater samples by filtration and the filtrate absorption spectra were measured. Subtracting the filtrate absorption from the total seawater absorption yields the absorption spectra for the particulate matter. Subtracting the absorption spectra of pure water from the filtrate absorption results in the absorption spectra for the dissolved organic matter.

This book provides a detailed description of light absorption and absorbents in seawaters with respect to provenance, region of the sea, depth of the occurrence and trophicity. The text is based on a substantial body of contemporary research results taken from the subject literature (over 400 references) and the work of the authors over a period of 30 years.

Partitioning of the total non-water absorption coefficient of seawater, anw(lambda), into phytoplankton, aph(lambda), and non-phytoplankton, adg(lambda), components is important to research in ocean optics, biology, and biogeochemistry. I developed a partitioning model based on stacked-constraints approach, which requires weakly restrictive assumptions about the spectral slope of adg(lambda) and the spectral shape of aph(lambda). With a comprehensive set of inequality constraints, the model first derives a wide range of speculative solutions for adg(lambda) and aph(lambda) and then identifies feasible solutions. Final model outputs include the optimal solutions that agree well with measurements (with biases typically within ±5%), and a range of feasible solutions that encompasses the measured adg(lambda) and aph(lambda) with a probability> 90% at most wavelengths. I also developed another model for partitioning the spectral absorption coefficient of suspended marine particles, ap(lambda), into phytoplankton, aph(lambda), and non-algal, ad(lambda), components based on the stacked-constraints approach. Partitioning results of the model generally agree well with measurements and are superior in terms of error statistics compared with previous partitioning models. These results support the prospect for the applications of the partitioning models using the input data of anw(lambda) and ap(lambda) collected from various oceanographic and remote-sensing platforms. I also evaluated the performance of the Quasi-Analytical Algorithm (QAA) for deriving the spectral total absorption, a(lambda), and backscattering, bb(lambda), coefficients of seawater from input spectrum of remote-sensing reflectance, Rrs(lambda), using field data collected in the Arctic and lower-latitude open waters. The performance of QAA for estimating a(lambda) varies from very good to fair (bias on the order of ±10%) depending on light wavelength and the oceanic region. For bb(lambda), the QAA typically shows overestimation from small to as large as about 35%. A sensitivity analysis shows that the parameter u [-̲bb/(a+bb)] at the reference wavelength of 555 nm generally contributes the most significant bias to bb(lambda) at all wavelengths within the spectrum of visible light, whereas the interplay between u(555) and u(lambda) generally dominates the errors of QAA-derived a(lambda) except for the reference wavelength. Our findings provide guidance for future efforts towards refinement of the QAA and potentially also development of other inverse models.

In trying to discover as much as possible about the marine environment, oceanography has split into many subdisciplines, each represented by innumerable publications. To date however, there has been no concise synthesis introducing readers to the whole array of physical processes in the sea, and showing how these processes are related to one another and to other natural phenomena. The author of Marine Physics aims to fill this gap.The volume presents energy and mass transfer processes in the marine environment together with an explanation of their effects on other processes. Starting with a general introduction to the thermodynamics of ocean waters, there follow chapters on radiation transfer processes; the molecular exchange of mass, heat and momentum; the turbulent exchange of mass, heat and momentum; small-scale air-sea interactions; modelling the surface boundary layer; and the propagation of acoustic waves in the sea. The discussions begin with physical principles and culminate in a presentation of current research problems. The volume is completed with the presentation of basic quantities, equations, formulas and diagrams, as well as indexes and 576 literature references. This volume should be an invaluable resource to post-graduates and scientists in the fields of engineering and oceanography, and for those interested in the protection or exploitation of the marine environment.

Light scattering-based methods are used to characterize small particles suspended in water in a wide range of disciplines ranging from oceanography, through medicine, to industry. The scope and accuracy of these methods steadily increases with the progress in light scattering research. This book focuses on the theoretical and experimental foundations of the study and modeling of light scattering by particles in water and critically evaluates the key constraints of light scattering models. It begins with a brief review of the relevant theoretical fundamentals of the interaction of light with condensed matter, followed by an extended discussion of the basic optical properties of pure water and seawater and the physical principles that explain them. The book continues with a discussion of key optical features of the pure water/seawater and the most common components of natural waters. In order to clarify and put in focus some of the basic physical principles and most important features of the experimental data on light scattering by particles in water, the authors employ simple models. The book concludes with extensive critical reviews of the experimental constraints of light scattering models: results of measurements of light scattering and of the key properties of the particles: size distribution, refractive index (composition), structure, and shape. These reviews guide the reader through literature scattered among more than 210 scientific journals and periodicals which represent a wide range of disciplines. A special emphasis is put on the methods of measuring both light scattering and the relevant properties of the particles, because principles of these methods may affect interpretation and applicability of the results. The book includes extensive guides to literature on light scattering data and instrumentation design, as well as on the data for size distributions, refractive indices, and shapes typical of particles in natural waters. It also features a comprehensive index, numerous cross-references, and a reference list with over 1370 entries. An errata sheet for this work can be found at: http://www.tpdsci.com/Ref/Jonasz_M_2007_LightScatE.php *Extensive reference section provides handy compilations of knowledge on the designs of light scattering meters, sources of experimental data, and more *Worked exercises and examples throughout

To all those sailors / Who dreamed before us / Of another way to sail the oceans. The dedication of this Volume is meant to recall, and honour, the bold pioneers of ocean exploration, ancient as well as modern. As a marine scientist, dealing with the oceans through the complex tools, ?lters and mechanisms of contemporary research, I have always wondered what it was like, in centuries past, to look at that vast ho- zon with the naked eye, not knowing what was ahead, and yet to sail on. I have tried to imagine what ancient sailors felt, when “the unknown swirls around and engulfs the mind”, as a forgotten author simply described the brave, perhaps reckless, act of facing such a hostile, menacing and yet fascinating adventure. Innovation has always been the key element, I think, for their success: another way, a better way, a more effective, safer and worthier way was the proper answer to the challenge. The map of our world has been changed time and again, from the geographical as well as the social, economic and scienti?c points of view, by the new discoveries of those sailors. One of the positive qualities of human beings is without doubt the inborn desire to expand their horizons, to see what lies beyond, to learn and understand.

A relationship between the light absorption index, K, of a medium and certain parameters of the state of optical equilibrium, permitting the calculation of K from measurements of the light field in a homogeneous medium at large depths, was established. The present study substantiates the method of determination of K from the parameters of the light field of an isotropic source in a homogeneous medium. The instruments and method of processing of the experimental data are described. Results of determination of K are given for several regions of the World Ocean.