In Learning Law and Travelling Europe , Marianne Vasara-Aaltonen offers an exciting account of the study journeys of Swedish lawyers in the early modern period. Based on archival sources and biographical information, the study delves into the backgrounds of the law students, their travels through Europe, and their future careers. In seventeenth-century Sweden, the state-building process was at its height, and trained officials were desperately needed for the administration and judiciary. The book shows convincingly that the studies abroad of future lawyers were intimately linked to this process, whereas in the eighteenth century, study journeys became less important. By examining the development of the Swedish early modern legal profession, the book also represents an important contribution to comparative legal history.

In Learning Law and Travelling Europe, Marianne Vasara-Aaltonen offers an account of the study journeys of Swedish lawyers in the early modern period, and their connection to the state-building process and the development of the Swedish legal profession.

The Development of Commercial Law in Sweden and Finland provides a broad perspective on North European commercial law in a comparative and international framework.

Diese Studie liefert die erste umfängliche Untersuchung der „Republiken“, den ersten und einflussreichsten frühneuzeitlichen Staatsbeschreibungen, die als Buchreihe publiziert wurden. Die Republiken wurden in den 1620er und 1630er Jahren in Leiden und Amsterdam gedruckt und avancierten zu Grundlagentexten der frühneuzeitlichen Staatenkunde. Zunächst verfolgt die Untersuchung die Verbreitung der Bände in Buchsammlungen und Bibliotheken des 17. Jahrhunderts und liefert so neue Erkenntnisse zu verschiedenen Leser- und Nutzergruppen der Republiken sowie ihrer prominenten Rolle auf dem frühneuzeitlichen Buchmarkt. Weiter verfolgt die Studie anhand dreier Fallstudien – der Republik der Niederlande, des spanischen Weltreichs sowie des safawidischen Persien – die Funktionen der Bände im Wissenschaftsbetrieb sowie die Text-, Ideen- und politischen Traditionen, in denen sie stehen. This book offers the first comprehensive study of the earliest and most notable early modern book series of state descriptions, the ‘Republics’. Printed in Leiden and Amsterdam in the 1620s and 1630s, the Republics evolved into foundational works of early modern political studies. By first tracing the volumes’ circulation and presence in book collections and libraries in the seventeenth century, this study provides fresh insights into their diverse readerships as well as their prominent role in the early modern book market. It then delves into their various academic purposes and their textual, intellectual, and political traditions through selected case studies on the Dutch Republic, the Spanish Empire, and Safavid Persia.

From Lisbon to Rome via the Gulf of Guinea and the sugar mills of northern Brazil, this book explores the strategies and practices that displaced scholars cultivated to navigate the murky waters of late Renaissance politics. By tracing the life of the Portuguese jurist-scholar Vicente Nogueira (1586–1654) across diverse social, cultural, and pol-itical spaces, Fabien Montcher reveals a world of religious conflicts and imperial rivalries. Here, European agents developed the practice of 'bibliopolitics'– using local and international systems for buying and selling books and manuscripts to foster political communication and debate, and ultimately to negotiate their survival. Bibliopolitics fostered the advent of a generation of 'mercenaries of knowledge' whose stories constitute a key part of seventeenth-century social and cultural history. This book also demonstrates their crucial role in creating an inter-national and dynamic Republic of Letters with others who helped shape early modern intellectual and political worlds.

In Conquest and the Law in Swedish Livonia (ca. 1630-1710), Heikki Pihlajamäki offers an exciting account of the law in seventeenth-century Livonia, conquered by Sweden. The volume demonstrates how the differences in legal cultures affected the Livonian judiciary and legal procedure in the region.

The original Latin text of Johann Gröning’s Navigatio libera has never before been translated into any modern vernacular language. Gröning’s intention was to set out the position of neutral nations (in this case the Danes and Swedes), and their right to pursue trade during the wars of the great maritime powers (particularly the English and the Dutch). It specifically sought to engage with and refute the work of Hugo Grotius while taking cognisance of the critique of Gröning’s work by Samuel Pufendorf. The text serves as a bridge between 17th-century polemical discourse surrounding the ‘free sea’ versus ‘enclosed sea’ debate and later 18th-century legal literature on the rights of neutrals and the continuation of free trade in time of war.

Rising densities of human settlements, migration and transport to reduce distances to market, and specialization and trade facilitated by fewer international divisions are central to economic development. The transformations along these three dimensions density, distance, and division are most noticeable in North America, Western Europe, and Japan, but countries in Asia and Eastern Europe are changing in ways similar in scope and speed. 'World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography' concludes that these spatial transformations are essential, and should be encouraged. The conclusion is not without controversy. Slum-dwellers now number a billion, but the rush to cities continues. Globalization is believed to benefit many, but not the billion people living in lagging areas of developing nations. High poverty and mortality persist among the world's 'bottom billion', while others grow wealthier and live longer lives. Concern for these three billion often comes with the prescription that growth must be made spatially balanced. The WDR has a different message: economic growth is seldom balanced, and efforts to spread it out prematurely will jeopardize progress. The Report: documents how production becomes more concentrated spatially as economies grow. proposes economic integration as the principle for promoting successful spatial transformations. revisits the debates on urbanization, territorial development, and regional integration and shows how today's developers can reshape economic geography.

TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 672: Roundabouts: An Informational Guide - Second Edition explores the planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation of roundabouts. The report also addresses issues that may be useful in helping to explain the trade-offs associated with roundabouts. This report updates the U.S. Federal Highway Administration's Roundabouts: An Informational Guide, based on experience gained in the United States since that guide was published in 2000.