Thirteen years have passed since the seminal book on knapsack problems by Martello and Toth appeared. On this occasion a former colleague exclaimed back in 1990: "How can you write 250 pages on the knapsack problem?" Indeed, the definition of the knapsack problem is easily understood even by a non-expert who will not suspect the presence of challenging research topics in this area at the first glance. However, in the last decade a large number of research publications contributed new results for the knapsack problem in all areas of interest such as exact algorithms, heuristics and approximation schemes. Moreover, the extension of the knapsack problem to higher dimensions both in the number of constraints and in the num ber of knapsacks, as well as the modification of the problem structure concerning the available item set and the objective function, leads to a number of interesting variations of practical relevance which were the subject of intensive research during the last few years. Hence, two years ago the idea arose to produce a new monograph covering not only the most recent developments of the standard knapsack problem, but also giving a comprehensive treatment of the whole knapsack family including the siblings such as the subset sum problem and the bounded and unbounded knapsack problem, and also more distant relatives such as multidimensional, multiple, multiple-choice and quadratic knapsack problems in dedicated chapters.

Here is a state of art examination on exact and approximate algorithms for a number of important NP-hard problems in the field of integer linear programming, which the authors refer to as ``knapsack.'' Includes not only the classical knapsack problems such as binary, bounded, unbounded or binary multiple, but also less familiar problems such as subset-sum and change-making. Well known problems that are not usually classified in the knapsack area, including generalized assignment and bin packing, are also covered. The text fully develops an algorithmic approach without losing mathematical rigor.

This is a supplementary volume to the major three-volume Handbook of Combinatorial Optimization set. It can also be regarded as a stand-alone volume presenting chapters dealing with various aspects of the subject in a self-contained way.

This well-written textbook on combinatorial optimization puts special emphasis on theoretical results and algorithms with provably good performance, in contrast to heuristics. The book contains complete (but concise) proofs, as well as many deep results, some of which have not appeared in any previous books.

As environmental issues remain at the forefront of energy research, renewable energy is now an all-important field of study. And as smart technology continues to grow and be refined, its applications broaden and increase in their potential to revolutionize sustainability studies. This potential can only be fully realized with a thorough understanding of the most recent breakthroughs in the field. Research Advancements in Smart Technology, Optimization, and Renewable Energy is a collection of innovative research that explores the recent steps forward for smart applications in sustainability. Featuring coverage on a wide range of topics including energy assessment, neural fuzzy control, and biogeography, this book is ideally designed for advocates, policymakers, engineers, software developers, academicians, researchers, and students.

Economic changes in a globalized world require businesses to create new management practices to remain competitive and successful. While a network paradigm is a key management development, the effective application of this paradigm in organizational practice is complicated by differing interpretations and approaches. Therefore, it is important to thoroughly understand the applicable factors and mechanisms to an efficacious business network. Networked Business Models in the Circular Economy provides innovative insights into achieving synergy through the cooperation of many business partners and organizations and adapting operational strategies for the whole network. While highlighting topics such as smart mobility, digital solutions, and green supply chain, this publication is ideally designed for organizational managers, entrepreneurs, economists, management scientists, business analyzers, financial consultants, researchers, and students seeking current research on the dynamical contributions required to achieve mutual growth.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Internet and Network Economics, WINE 2008, held in Shanghai, China, in December 2008. The 68 revised full papers presented together with 10 invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 126 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on market equilibrium, congestion games, information markets, nash equilibrium, network games, solution concepts, algorithms and optimization, mechanism design, equilibrium, online advertisement, sponsored search auctions, and voting problems.

Design and implement professional level programs by exploring modern data structures and algorithms in Rust. Key FeaturesUse data structures such as arrays, stacks, trees, lists and graphs with real-world examplesLearn the functional and reactive implementations of the traditional data structuresExplore illustrations to present data structures and algorithms, as well as their analysis, in a clear, visual manner.Book Description Rust has come a long way and is now utilized in several contexts. Its key strengths are its software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications, including desktop applications, servers, and performance-critical applications, not forgetting its importance in systems' programming. This book will be your guide as it takes you through implementing classic data structures and algorithms in Rust, helping you to get up and running as a confident Rust programmer. The book begins with an introduction to Rust data structures and algorithms, while also covering essential language constructs. You will learn how to store data using linked lists, arrays, stacks, and queues. You will also learn how to implement sorting and searching algorithms. You will learn how to attain high performance by implementing algorithms to string data types and implement hash structures in algorithm design. The book will examine algorithm analysis, including Brute Force algorithms, Greedy algorithms, Divide and Conquer algorithms, Dynamic Programming, and Backtracking. By the end of the book, you will have learned how to build components that are easy to understand, debug, and use in different applications. What you will learnDesign and implement complex data structures in RustAnalyze, implement, and improve searching and sorting algorithms in RustCreate and use well-tested and reusable components with RustUnderstand the basics of multithreaded programming and advanced algorithm designBecome familiar with application profiling based on benchmarking and testingExplore the borrowing complexity of implementing algorithmsWho this book is for This book is for developers seeking to use Rust solutions in a practical/professional setting; who wants to learn essential Data Structures and Algorithms in Rust. It is for developers with basic Rust language knowledge, some experience in other programming languages is required.

This book brings together current research direction in the mapping of dynamic programming recurrence equations for Knapsack Type problems, which include Unbounded Knapsack Problem, 0/1 Knapsack Problem, Subset Sum Problem, Change Making Problem, onto so-called regular parallel architectures. In particular, it focuses on heuristic and more formal techniques for mapping. The text is based on substantially revised papers published by the authors and their colleagues in the literature but re-written to provide an overall view of the subject area.

Meta-heuristics have developed dramatically since their inception in the early 1980s. They have had widespread success in attacking a variety of practical and difficult combinatorial optimization problems. These families of approaches include, but are not limited to greedy random adaptive search procedures, genetic algorithms, problem-space search, neural networks, simulated annealing, tabu search, threshold algorithms, and their hybrids. They incorporate concepts based on biological evolution, intelligent problem solving, mathematical and physical sciences, nervous systems, and statistical mechanics. Since the 1980s, a great deal of effort has been invested in the field of combinatorial optimization theory in which heuristic algorithms have become an important area of research and applications. This volume is drawn from the first conference on Meta-Heuristics and contains 41 papers on the state-of-the-art in heuristic theory and applications. The book treats the following meta-heuristics and applications: Genetic Algorithms, Simulated Annealing, Tabu Search, Networks & Graphs, Scheduling and Control, TSP, and Vehicle Routing Problems. It represents research from the fields of Operations Research, Management Science, Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science.