This report presents a cost analysis of Isophorone Diisocyanate (IPDI) production from isophorone and chlorine. The process examined is a typical phosgenation process. In this process, isophorone diamine (IPDA) intermediate is initially obtained from isophorone. Then, IPDA reacts with phosgene to produce IPDI. The phosgene used is generated from chlorine and carbon monoxide in an on-site unit. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is generated as by-product. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) US Patent 9187412 B2, issued to Evonik Degussa in 2015 (2) US Patent 8884063 B2, issued to BASF SE in 2014 (3) US Patent 8563768, issued to Covestro (fromer Bayer MaterialScience) in 2013 Keywords: Isophorone Diisocyanate, IPDI, Isophorone Diamine, IPDA, Phosgenation

This report presents a cost analysis of Isophorone Diisocyanate (IPDI) production from isophorone and urea. The process examined is a typical non-phosgene technology. In this process, isophorone diamine (IPDA) is initially obtained from isophorone. Then, IPDA reacts with urea and butanol generating a carbamate intermediate. Then, the carbamate is thermally cracked producing IPDI. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): Keywords: Isophorone Diisocyanate, IPDI, Isophorone Diamine, IPDA, Non-Phosgene, Urea-Based Process

This is the first book to deal comprehensively with endocrine toxicology. It covers the whole spectrum of known toxicant effects on the endocrine system ranging from small disturbances in hormonal secretion to full endocrine neoplasia. In each chapter, internationally recognised authorities have addressed basic endocrine physiology, current techniques for studying endocrine toxicity in vivo and in vitro, known xenobiotic-induced toxicity phenomena and the latest scientific advances in understanding the underlying molecular and cellular events. Consideration is given to important issues such as dietary factors which influence endocrine toxicity, species differences in sensitivity to toxicants, and the toxicity of hormones and drugs. The volume provides a sound basis for understanding the scientific aspects of this complex and important area of toxicology and will be a useful source of information for all those working in this field.

This report presents a cost analysis of Chlorine production from sodium chloride. The process examined is a typical membrane process. In this process, an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (brine) is decomposed electrolytically in a membrane cell, producing Chlorine. Caustic soda (50 wt%) and hydrogen are also generated as products. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) Handbook of Chlor-Alkali Technology, 2005 (2) "Chlorine", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition Keywords: Chlor-Alkali, Caustic Soda, NaOH

ALMOST EVERYTHING MANMADE THAT IS WHITE or light in color contains white pigment in its surface: houses inside and outside, industrial articles, plastics, glazes, rubber, printed surfaces, many paper products, and even some foods. Only papers and textiles can be white without pigment. Virtually all this whiteness and lightness is supplied by titanium dioxide (TiO2) pigments. Void pigments make a minor contribution. The classic white pigmentslithopone, zinc sulfide, and the white leadshave essentially disappeared from commerce because TiO2 pigments perform much better, are much cheaper, and are nontoxic. Zinc oxide is still added to some paints as a mildewstat, but not for use as a white pigment. TiO2 pigments are manufactured by a major, globally distributed industry. Its products are sold for many applications; however, more than half of all white pigment goes into paints. In many coatings, white pigment is the single most expensive ingredient. To select the right pigment grade and use it well is an important challenge to the paint manufacturer. This chapter will familiarize coating manufacturers with white pigments and help them understand their options for selection, utilization, and testing. Toward this objective, I will first outline the commerce and manufacture of white pigments and then discuss their function, the substances that serve this function, and the commodities available. I will distinguish between product characteristics that describe the pigment itself and product performance, which are properties of paint films, that is, systems composed of pigment and binder.

The technology that deals with using the substrate as your polymerization vessel will be described in detail, but in an understandable manner, in this book. Reading it will give one a good understanding of this topic and enough knowledge to begin formulating radiation-curable inks, coatings, and sealants.

This report presents a cost analysis of Chlorine Dioxide production from sodium chlorate. The process examined is a typical sulfuric acid-based reduction process. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): Keywords: Acid-Based Reduction, Sulphuric Acid

This report presents a cost analysis of Allyl Chloride production from chlorine and propylene. The process examined is a typical chlorination process. In this process, hydrogen chloride (32 wt%) is generated as by-product. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) "Allyl Compounds", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005 (2) "Allyl Chloride", Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th edition Keywords: HCl, 3-Chloropropene, Allyl Alcohol, Epichlorohydrin