The concept of formal Lie group was derived in a natural way from classical Lie theory by S. Bochner in 1946, for fields of characteristic 0. Its study over fields of characteristic p > 0 began in the early 1950’s, when it was realized, through the work of Chevalley, that the familiar “dictionary” between Lie groups and Lie algebras completely broke down for Lie algebras of algebraic groups over such a field. This volume, starts with the concept of C-group for any category C (with products and final object), but the author’s do not exploit it in its full generality. The book is meant to be introductory to the theory, and therefore the necessary background to its minimum possible level is minimised: no algebraic geometry and very little commutative algebra is required in chapters I to III, and the algebraic geometry used in chapter IV is limited to the Serre- Chevalley type (varieties over an algebraically closed field).

The concept of formal Lie group was derived in a natural way from classical Lie theory by S. Bochner in 1946, for fields of characteristic 0. Its study over fields of characteristic p > 0 began in the early 1950’s, when it was realized, through the work of Chevalley, that the familiar “dictionary” between Lie groups and Lie algebras completely broke down for Lie algebras of algebraic groups over such a field. This volume, starts with the concept of C-group for any category C (with products and final object), but the author’s do not exploit it in its full generality. The book is meant to be introductory to the theory, and therefore the necessary background to its minimum possible level is minimised: no algebraic geometry and very little commutative algebra is required in chapters I to III, and the algebraic geometry used in chapter IV is limited to the Serre- Chevalley type (varieties over an algebraically closed field).

This book is a comprehensive treatment of the theory of formal groups and its numerous applications in several areas of mathematics. The seven chapters of the book present basics and main results of the theory, as well as very important applications in algebraic topology, number theory, and algebraic geometry. Each chapter ends with several pages of historical and bibliographic summary. One prerequisite for reading the book is an introductory graduate algebra course, including certain familiarity with category theory.

Since the publication of its first edition, this book has served as one of the few available on the classical Adams spectral sequence, and is the best account on the Adams-Novikov spectral sequence. This new edition has been updated in many places, especially the final chapter, which has been completely rewritten with an eye toward future research in the field. It remains the definitive reference on the stable homotopy groups of spheres. The first three chapters introduce the homotopy groups of spheres and take the reader from the classical results in the field though the computational aspects of the classical Adams spectral sequence and its modifications, which are the main tools topologists have to investigate the homotopy groups of spheres. Nowadays, the most efficient tools are the Brown-Peterson theory, the Adams-Novikov spectral sequence, and the chromatic spectral sequence, a device for analyzing the global structure of the stable homotopy groups of spheres and relating them to the cohomology of the Morava stabilizer groups. These topics are described in detail in Chapters 4 to 6. The revamped Chapter 7 is the computational payoff of the book, yielding a lot of information about the stable homotopy group of spheres. Appendices follow, giving self-contained accounts of the theory of formal group laws and the homological algebra associated with Hopf algebras and Hopf algebroids. The book is intended for anyone wishing to study computational stable homotopy theory. It is accessible to graduate students with a knowledge of algebraic topology and recommended to anyone wishing to venture into the frontiers of the subject.

This book is based on notes for a master’s course given at Queen Mary, University of London, in the 1998/9 session. Such courses in London are quite short, and the course consisted essentially of the material in the ?rst three chapters, together with a two-hour lecture on connections with group theory. Chapter 5 is a considerably expanded version of this. For the course, the main sources were the books by Hopcroft and Ullman ([20]), by Cohen ([4]), and by Epstein et al. ([7]). Some use was also made of a later book by Hopcroft and Ullman ([21]). The ulterior motive in the ?rst three chapters is to give a rigorous proof that various notions of recursively enumerable language are equivalent. Three such notions are considered. These are: generated by a type 0 grammar, recognised by a Turing machine (deterministic or not) and de?ned by means of a Godel ̈ numbering, having de?ned “recursively enumerable” for sets of natural numbers. It is hoped that this has been achieved without too many ar- ments using complicated notation. This is a problem with the entire subject, and it is important to understand the idea of the proof, which is often quite simple. Two particular places that are heavy going are the proof at the end of Chapter 1 that a language recognised by a Turing machine is type 0, and the proof in Chapter 2 that a Turing machine computable function is partial recursive.

Introduction to Business covers the scope and sequence of most introductory business courses. The book provides detailed explanations in the context of core themes such as customer satisfaction, ethics, entrepreneurship, global business, and managing change. Introduction to Business includes hundreds of current business examples from a range of industries and geographic locations, which feature a variety of individuals. The outcome is a balanced approach to the theory and application of business concepts, with attention to the knowledge and skills necessary for student success in this course and beyond. This is an adaptation of Introduction to Business by OpenStax. You can access the textbook as pdf for free at openstax.org. Minor editorial changes were made to ensure a better ebook reading experience. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

"Contains the contributions of 45 internationally distinguished mathematicians covering all areas of approximation theory-written in honor of the pioneering work of Arun K. Varma to the fields of interpolation and approximation of functions, including Birhoff interpolation and approximation by spline functions."

This volume offers a systematic, comprehensive investigation of field extensions, finite or not, that possess a Cogalois correspondence. The subject is somewhat dual to the very classical Galois Theory dealing with field extensions possessing a Galois correspondence. Solidly backed by over 250 exercises and an extensive bibliography, this book presents a compact and complete review of basic field theory, considers the Vahlen-Capelli Criterion, investigates the radical, Kneser, strongly Kneser, Cogalois, and G-Cogalois extensions, discusses field extensions that are simultaneously Galois and G-Cogalois, and presents nice applications to elementary field arithmetic.