To foster sustainable, low-emission development, many countries are establishing ambitious renewable energy targets for their electricity supply. Because solar and wind tend to be more variable and uncertain than conventional sources, meeting these targets will involve changes to power system planning and operations. Grid integration is the practice of developing efficient ways to deliver variable renewable energy (VRE) to the grid. Good integration methods maximize the cost-effectiveness of incorporating VRE into the power system while maintaining or increasing system stability and reliability. When considering grid integration, policy makers, regulators, and system operators consider a variety of issues, which can be organized into four broad topics: New Renewable Energy Generation, New Transmission, Increased System Flexibility, Planning for a High RE Future. This is a Russian-language translation of Integrating Variable Renewable Energy into the Grid: Key Issues, Greening the Grid, originally published in English in May 2015.

What is Russia's potential as a partner in the global race towards a low-carbon economy? This book provides a balanced analysis of Russia's impressive, understudied and sometimes surprising strengths in the renewable energy sector. The work is a first of its kind, exploring the significant political and economic obstacles to developing renewable energy in Russia. The volume explores whether effective partnerships may be achieved by combining Russia's excellence in basic research and its diverse natural resources with Western management skills - and aiming for innovation and exports. Solar power, electricity reform, market niches for renewable energy and Nordic-Russian partnership are all examined in detail. Providing crucial insights for academics, policy-makers and business actors seeking to cooperate with Russian partners, this groundbreaking book raises the vitally important question of how key countries such as Russia will approach global climate politics and their own energy supply in the post-Kyoto world.

Most existing support schemes aim to stimulate the deployment of renewable energy sources in the electricity sector on the basis of the electricity output (MWh) of renewable energy installations. Support is anchored in the electricity commodity market. In contrast to this established approach, Russia intends to promote renewable energy through the capacity market. The idea is to remunerate investors for the installed capacity (MW) of their installations, in particular for the availability of their installations to produce electricity. This article argues that, contrary to the implicit consensus, a capacity-based approach to supporting renewable energy can provide an alternative to the current output-based schemes. Capacity-based schemes limit the incentive that the operators of renewable energy installations currently have under output-based schemes to deliver electricity to the grid even in periods of low demand. These schemes also provide investors with a more predictable income flow. However, to be successful, the regulation of capacity supply - currently designed for flexible power plants - needs to accommodate the specific production patterns of variable renewable energy installations. This paper examines ways to overcome this challenge in Russia and provides more general conclusions on the complex interaction between capacity markets and renewable energy investments.

Russia has several sources of energy, oil, gas and coal as well as wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass and solar energy - the resources of renewable energy. At the moment it is the fossil fuels that dominate Russia's energy sources whilst the renewable sources are little used. Russia's renewables can cost-effectively provide energy services where conventional forms are expensive. Established renewable technologies can cost effectively supplement energy from fossil fuels. Whilst new renewables like wind and solar energy can serve remote populations and in the right circumstances provide energy at competitive prices on the grid.

In order to promote the sustainable development of renewable energy and renewable-energy-driven technologies, Renewable-Energy-Driven Future: Technologies, Modelling, Applications, Sustainability and Policies provides a comprehensive view of the advanced renewable technologies and the benefits of utilizing renewable energy sources.Discussing the ways for promoting the sustainable development of renewable energy from the perspectives of technology, modelling, application, sustainability and policy, this book includes the advanced renewable-energy-driven technologies, the models for renewable energy planning and integration, the innovative applications of renewable energy sources, decision-support tools for sustainability assessment and ranking of renewable energy systems, and the regulations and policies of renewable energy.This book can benefit the researchers and experts of renewable energy by helping them to have a holistic view of renewable energy. It can also benefit the policymakers and decision-makers by helping them to make informed decisions. - Presents the advanced renewable-energy-driven technologies and the innovative applications of renewable energy sources - Develops the models for the efficient use of renewable energy, decision-making and the investigation of its climate and economic benefits - Investigates the sustainability of renewable energy systems - Features the regulations and policies of renewable energy

Electricity supply plays a strategic role for Russia’s economic development and for social peace. As a main consumer of natural gas, electricity is also of central importance for the efficient management of Russia’s energy resource basis. Today, however, the electricity sector is in an obsolete condition. Investments are needed in the modernization of the infrastructure. This book analyzes the liberalization and privatization program that Russia is implementing to attract private investments in this modernization process. Taking a comparative approach, this analysis critically assesses Russian electricity law in the light of the European liberalization experience. Given the strategic importance of electricity, investors face significant risks of government intervention. This book identifies these regulatory risks and examines investment protection mechanisms under Russia’s national and international investment obligations.

The book provides a comprehensive overview of the most recent and advanced research findings on energy production and management in the important Ural industrial region of Russia. The authors consider economic problems of energy development, management systems for sustainable energy, and investment mechanisms for energy. Comprised of chapters on energy efficient technologies, environmental aspects of using energy, and personnel for the power industry, the volume is ideal for a range of scientists and engineers interested in innovative approaches to generation and distribution of energy.

The Climate and Environmental Change, Political and Economical issues nowadays are forcing many countries to reconsider their way of energy production and consumption. Thus, the Russian Federation recently (2011) has completed major reconfiguration of the sector. This book is giving a comprehensive overview of the sector after the decade of restructuring. It determines political and economical development of the sector identifies technical capabilities, current and future energy matrix. Taking into the account, that the country has high amount of conventional resources, the author reviews energy efficiency potential and programs, capacities for penetration of innovative smart technologies and for expansion of environmentally friendly solutions for energy production and consumption. She also analyzes and concludes the range of technical and economical potential for renewable energy boost at the main land as well as at remote areas. As presented in the book, the result of the research gives a broad notion of possible directions of the Russian electricity sector development for the next 20 years.

The Russian Federation has set out to increase and diversify its use of renewables, particularly for power generation. Under current plans and policies, renewables would reach nearly 5% of total final energy consumption by 2030. Accelerated deployment, however, could boost Russia's renewable energy share to more than 11% in the same timeframe, according to this REmap working paper from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)Achieving this potential calls for cumulative investments of USD 300 billion in renewable energy up to 2030, or on average USD 15 billion per year between 2010 and 2030. When externalities related to human health and climate change are taken into account, these investments in renewables could ultimately save up to USD 11 billion per year.Yet certain areas require further attention. These include long-term planning, integration of renewables with existing plans, opening the way for solar PV and wind development, and ensuring reliable and affordable bioenergy supplies.Hydropower - representing about a fifth of Russian power generation capacity - is currently the most prominent renewable source, along with bioenergy for heating in buildings and industry. By end of 2015, total installed renewable power generation capacity reached 53.5 gigawatts (GW) of which 51.5 GW came from hydropower., and the remainder 2 GW from bioenergy, wind, solar PV and geothermal.The country analysis forms part of REmap, IRENA's global roadmap to double renewables in the global energy mix.