In many cases, the application of in situ technologies evolved as a necessity from a cost perspective. However, the basic understanding of the mechanisms and theory behind these technologies was treated as a "black box." Although we have seen some tremendous successes in the application of remediation technologies over the past several years, we have also seen many cases in which a technology has been incorrectly or inappropriately applied. In most cases, this misapplication has been the result of a poor understanding of the basic concepts and mechanisms behind the technologies. Without proper understanding, the potential for misapplication of technologies remains a serious economic and technical threat.

This report provides an engineering analysis of, and status report on, selected enhancements for soil vapor extraction (SVE) treatment technologies. The report is intended to assist project managers considering an SVE treatment system by providing them with an up-to-date status of enhancement technologies; an evaluation of each technology's applicability to various site conditions; a presentation of cost and performance information; a list of vendors specializing in the technologies; a discussion of relative strengths and limitations of the technologies; recommendations to keep in mind when considering the enhancements; and a compilation of references. The performance of an SVE system depends on properties of both the contaminants and the soil. SVE is generally applicable to compounds with a vapor pressure of greater than 1 millimeter of mercury at 20EC and a Henry s Law constant of greater than 100 atmospheres per mole fraction. SVE is most effective at sites with relatively permeable contaminated soil and with saturated hydraulic conductivities of greater than 1 x 10 or 1 x 10 centimeter per second (cm/s). SVE by itself does not effectively remove contaminants -3 -2 in saturated soil. However, SVE can be used as an integral part of some treatment schemes that treat both groundwater and the overlying vadose zone. Enhancement technologies should be considered when contaminant or soil characteristics limit the effectiveness of SVE or when contaminants are present in saturated soil. The five enhancement technologies covered in this report are as follows and are described in the following subsections: * Air Sparging * Dual-phase Extraction * Directional Drilling * Pneumatic and Hydraulic Fracturing * Thermal Enhancement.

Every practicing environmental engineer should already have a firm grasp on the basics of hazardous waste site remediation-the key to confronting a site problem, and devising an effective solution. Since their original introduction to remediation, technology has kept moving ahead with new ideas and procedures. Fundamentals of Hazardous Waste Site Remediation gives environmental professionals immediate access to the basics of the trade, along with information about recent advancements. This comprehensive overview examines the basics of such areas as hazardous materials chemistry, hydrogeology, reaction engineering, and clean-up level development. A chapter on Cost Estimating will be of particular interest to specialists, in light of recent concerns about the increased costs of remediation. After reading each chapter, test your new knowledge with the review problems. As a refresher guide for career environmental engineers, or a helpful tool to newcomers in the field, Fundamentals of Hazardous Waste Site Remediation is a valuable resource for longtime professionals and newcomers alike.

"Offers thorough coverage of the remediation of soils contaminated by hazardous wastes, including materials, analytical techniques, cleanup design and methodology, characterization of geomedia, monitoring of contaminants in the subsurface, and waste containment. Cites specific case studies in hydrocarbon remediation that offer a concise overview of possible technological approaches."

We are proposing this comprehensive volume aimed at bridging and bonding of the theory and practical experiences for the elimination of a broad range of pollutants from various types of water and soil utilizing innovative nanotechnologies, biotechnologies and their possible combinations. Nowadays, a broad range of contaminants are emerging from the industry (and also representing old ecological burdens). Accidents and improper wastewater treatment requires a fast, efficient and cost-effective approach. Therefore, several innovative technologies of water and soil treatments have been invented and suggested in a number of published papers. Out of these, some nanotechnologies and biotechnologies (and possibly also their mutual combinations) turned out to be promising for practical utilization – i.e., based on both extensive laboratory testing and pilot-scale verification. With respect to the diverse character of targeted pollutants, the key technologies covered in this book will include oxidation, reduction, sorption and/or biological degradation. In relation to innovative technologies and new emerging pollutants mentioned in this proposed book, an important part will also cover the ecotoxicity of selected pollutants and novel nanomaterials used for remediation. Thus, this work will consist of 8 sections/chapters with a technical appendix as an important part of the book, where some technical details and standardized protocols will be clearly presented for their possible implementation at different contaminated sites. Although many previously published papers and books (or book chapters) are devoted to some aspects of nano-/biotechnologies, here we will bring a first complete and comprehensive treatise on the latest progress in innovative technologies with a clear demonstration of the applicability of particular methods based on results of the authors from pilot tests (i.e., based on the data collected within several applied projects, mainly national project “Environmentally friendly nanotechnologies and biotechnologies in water and soil treatment” of the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic, and 7FP project NANOREM: “Taking Nanotechnological Remediation Processes from Lab Scale to End User Applications for the Restoration of a Clean Environment”). This multidisciplinary book will be suitable for a broad audience including environmental scientists, practitioners, policymakers and toxicologists (and of course graduate students of diverse fields – material science, chemistry, biology, geology, hydrogeology, engineering etc.).

This volume provides comprehensive up-to-date descriptions of the principles and practices of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) for groundwater remediation based on a decade of intensive research, development, and demonstrations, and lessons learned from commercial field applications.

Completely revised and updated, the second edition of the bestselling In Situ Treatment Technology adds three new chapters to provide the reader with an even more comprehensive reference source on remediation. This authoritative book goes beyond discussion of individual in situ technologies by providing an understanding of the geologic foun