Research and development in the field of man-machine systems has evolved tremendously in the last 20 years. For almost every man-machine system, whether in the aviation industry, medical systems, industrial process control, or just for use in leisure activities or the home environment, it is possible to see many automated systems and devices that have replaced the human component as a key element. The fast evolution in computer technology has transformed the course of our daily lives by making these technological innovations a viable option on which to rely. These varied technological advances have reduced the burden of excessive physical and cognitive demands imposed upon human operators. However, they have also resulted in several behavior related problems such as a loss in situation awareness, increased mental workload, monitoring inefficiency, and inability to revert to manual control under systems malfunction. Covering a wide variety of human factors issues across several domains of application, this volume represents a snapshot of a series of experimental and investigative studies concerned with the impact of automation technology on human performance. The topics addressed deal with both theoretical and applied issues. Although more emphasis was placed on the aviation industry, several other human-machine systems where automation technology is implemented are also represented. This book enables students, scientists, and researchers from a variety of fields such as academia, government, and industry to achieve the following: * review and update their basic and applied knowledge in several domains where automation technology is implemented; * review and evaluate recent empirical studies on automation and human performance across several domains; * address training issues and guidelines for the design of intelligent, hybrid human-machine systems; and * discuss future trends in automation research applicable to the 21st century.

This text presents a four-step approach for applying communicative concepts to driving automation, including: scoping, piloting, designing, and testing. It further provides experimental data on how practical human-human communication strategies can be applied to interaction in automated vehicles. The book explores the role of communication and the nature of situation awareness in automated vehicles to ensure safe and usable automated vehicle operation. It covers the issue of interaction in automated vehicles by providing insight into communicative concepts, the transfer of control in human-teams, and how these concepts can be applied in automated vehicles. The theoretical framework is built on by presenting experimental findings, design workshop output and providing a demonstration of prototype generation for automated assistants that addresses a wide range of performance outcomes within human-machine interaction. Aimed at professionals, graduate students, and academic researchers in the fields of ergonomics, automotive engineering, transportation engineering, and human factors, this text: Discusses experimental findings on how practical human-human communication strategies can be applied to interaction in automated vehicles. Provides a four-step approach for applying communicative concepts to driving automation, including: scoping, piloting, designing and testing. Explores the role of distributed situation awareness in automated vehicles. Covers communication and system awareness in response to multiple complex road scenarios. Provides design guidelines for automation-human handover design.

Prior to 2012, unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) technology had been primarily used by the military and hobbyists, but it has more recently transitioned to broader application, including commercial and scientific applications, as well as to expanded military use. These new uses encroach on existing structures for managing the nation's airspace and present significant challenges to ensure that UASs are coordinated safely and suitably with existing manned aircraft and air traffic management systems, particularly with the National Airspace System (NAS). Of particular concern is the interaction between human pilots, operators, or controllers and increasingly automated systems. Enhanced understanding of these interactions is essential to avoid unintended consequences, especially as new technologies emerge. In order to explore these issues, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine organized a 2-day workshop in January 2018. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

Driving automation and autonomy are already upon us and the problems that were predicted twenty years ago are beginning to appear. These problems include shortfalls in expected benefits, equipment unreliability, driver skill fade, and error-inducing equipment designs. Designing Interaction and Interfaces for Automated Vehicles: User-Centred Ecological Design and Testing investigates the difficult problem of how to interface drivers with automated vehicles by offering an inclusive, human-centred design process that focusses on human variability and capability in interaction with interfaces. This book introduces a novel method that combines both systems thinking and inclusive user-centred design. It models driver interaction, provides design specifications, concept designs, and the results of studies in simulators on the test track, and in road going vehicles. This book is for designers of systems interfaces, interactions, UX, Human Factors and Ergonomics researchers and practitioners involved with systems engineering and automotive academics._ "In this book, Prof Stanton and colleagues show how Human Factors methods can be applied to the tricky problem of interfacing human drivers with vehicle automation. They have developed an approach to designing the human-automation interaction for the handovers between the driver and the vehicle. This approach has been tested in driving simulators and, most interestingly, in real vehicles on British motorways. The approach, called User-Centred Ecological Interface Design, has been validated against driver behaviour and used to support their ongoing work on vehicle automation. I highly recommend this book for anyone interested, or involved, in designing human-automation interaction in vehicles and beyond." Professor Michael A. Regan, University of NSW Sydney, AUSTRALIA

Human factors, also known as human engineering or human factors engineering, is the application of behavioral and biological sciences to the design of machines and human-machine systems. Automation refers to the mechanization and integration of the sensing of environmental variables, data processing and decision making and mechanical action. This book deals with all the issues involved in human-automation systems from design to control and performance of both humans and machines.

Space Safety and Human Performance provides a comprehensive reference for engineers and technical managers within aerospace and high technology companies, space agencies, operators, and consulting firms. The book draws upon the expertise of the world's leading experts in the field and focuses primarily on humans in spaceflight, but also covers operators of control centers on the ground and behavior aspects of complex organizations, thus addressing the entire spectrum of space actors. During spaceflight, human performance can be deeply affected by physical, psychological and psychosocial stressors. Strict selection, intensive training and adequate operational rules are used to fight performance degradation and prepare individuals and teams to effectively manage systems failures and challenging emergencies. The book is endorsed by the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety (IAASS). - 2019 PROSE Awards - Winner: Category: Engineering and Technology: Association of American Publishers - Provides information on critical aspects of human performance in space missions - Addresses the issue of human performance, from physical and psychosocial stressors that can degrade performance, to selection and training principles and techniques to enhance performance - Brings together essential material on: cognition and human error; advanced analysis methods such as human reliability analysis; environmental challenges and human performance in space missions; critical human factors and man/machine interfaces in space systems design; crew selection and training; and organizational behavior and safety culture - Includes an endorsement by the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety (IAASS)

This book provides practical guidance and awareness for a growing body of knowledge developing across a variety of disciplines. This initiative is a celebration of the Gavriel Salvendy International Symposium (GSIS) and provides a survey of topics and emerging areas of interest in human–automation interaction. This set of articles for the GSIS emphasizes a main thematic area: transportation. Main areas of coverage include Section A: Interaction with Vehicle Automation; Section B: HCI in Automated Vehicles; Section C: Trust in Vehicle Automation; Section D: Physical Modeling of Vehicle Cabs; Section E: Task Simulation Automation via Digital Human Models; Section F: Maintenance and Manufacturing; Section G: Smart Cities and Connected Vehicles. Contributions from especially early career researchers were featured as part of this (virtual) symposium and celebration. Gavriel Salvendy initiated the conferences that run annually as Human–Computer Interaction within LNCS of Springer and Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics International (AHFE). The book is inclusive of human–computer interaction and human factors and ergonomics principles, yet it is intended to serve a much wider audience that has interest in automation and human modeling. The emerging need for human–automation interaction expertise has developed from an ever-growing availability and presence of automation in our everyday lives. This initiative is intended to provide practical guidance and awareness for a growing body of knowledge developing across a variety of disciplines and many countries.

This text presents a four-step approach for applying communicative concepts to driving automation, including: scoping, piloting, designing, and testing. It further provides experimental data on how practical human-human communication strategies can be applied to interaction in automated vehicles. The book explores the role of communication and the nature of situation awareness in automated vehicles to ensure safe and usable automated vehicle operation. It covers the issue of interaction in automated vehicles by providing insight into communicative concepts, the transfer of control in human-teams, and how these concepts can be applied in automated vehicles. The theoretical framework is built on by presenting experimental findings, design workshop output and providing a demonstration of prototype generation for automated assistants that addresses a wide range of performance outcomes within human-machine interaction. Aimed at professionals, graduate students, and academic researchers in the fields of ergonomics, automotive engineering, transportation engineering, and human factors, this text: Discusses experimental findings on how practical human-human communication strategies can be applied to interaction in automated vehicles. Provides a four-step approach for applying communicative concepts to driving automation, including: scoping, piloting, designing and testing. Explores the role of distributed situation awareness in automated vehicles. Covers communication and system awareness in response to multiple complex road scenarios. Provides design guidelines for automation-human handover design.

There is perhaps no facet of modern society where the influence of computer automation has not been felt. Flight management systems for pilots, diagnostic and surgical aids for physicians, navigational displays for drivers, and decision-aiding systems for air-traffic controllers, represent only a few of the numerous domains in which powerful new automation technologies have been introduced. The benefits that have been reaped from this technological revolution have been many. At the same time, automation has not always worked as planned by designers, and many problems have arisen--from minor inefficiencies of operation to large-scale, catastrophic accidents. Understanding how humans interact with automation is vital for the successful design of new automated systems that are both safe and efficient. The influence of automation technology on human performance has often been investigated in a fragmentary, isolated manner, with investigators conducting disconnected studies in different domains. There has been little contact between these endeavors, although principles gleaned from one domain may have implications for another. Also, with a few exceptions, the research has tended to be empirical and only theory-driven. In recent years, however, various groups of investigators have begun to examine human performance in automated systems in general and to develop theories of human interaction with automation technology. This book presents the current theories and assesses the impact of automation on different aspects of human performance. Both basic and applied research is presented to highlight the general principles of human-computer interaction in several domains where automation technologies are widely implemented. The major premise is that a broad-based, theory-driven approach will have significant implications for the effective design of both current and future automation technologies. This volume will be of considerable value to researchers in human

Research Methods in Human-Computer Interaction is a comprehensive guide to performing research and is essential reading for both quantitative and qualitative methods. Since the first edition was published in 2009, the book has been adopted for use at leading universities around the world, including Harvard University, Carnegie-Mellon University, the University of Washington, the University of Toronto, HiOA (Norway), KTH (Sweden), Tel Aviv University (Israel), and many others. Chapters cover a broad range of topics relevant to the collection and analysis of HCI data, going beyond experimental design and surveys, to cover ethnography, diaries, physiological measurements, case studies, crowdsourcing, and other essential elements in the well-informed HCI researcher's toolkit. Continual technological evolution has led to an explosion of new techniques and a need for this updated 2nd edition, to reflect the most recent research in the field and newer trends in research methodology. This Research Methods in HCI revision contains updates throughout, including more detail on statistical tests, coding qualitative data, and data collection via mobile devices and sensors. Other new material covers performing research with children, older adults, and people with cognitive impairments. - Comprehensive and updated guide to the latest research methodologies and approaches, and now available in EPUB3 format (choose any of the ePub or Mobi formats after purchase of the eBook) - Expanded discussions of online datasets, crowdsourcing, statistical tests, coding qualitative data, laws and regulations relating to the use of human participants, and data collection via mobile devices and sensors - New material on performing research with children, older adults, and people with cognitive impairments, two new case studies from Google and Yahoo!, and techniques for expanding the influence of your research to reach non-researcher audiences, including software developers and policymakers