“A masterful . . . intellectual and religious history of late medieval and Reformation Europe.”—Christianity Today"A learned, humane, and expressive book."—Gerald Strauss, Renaissance QuarterlyThe seeds of the swift and sweeping religious movement that reshaped European thought in the 1500s were sown in the late Middle Ages. In this book, Steven Ozment traces the growth and dissemination of dissenting intellectual trends through three centuries to their explosive burgeoning in the Reformations—both Protestant and Catholic—of the sixteenth century. He elucidates with great clarity the complex philosophical and theological issues that inspired antagonistic schools, traditions, and movements from Aquinas to Calvin. This masterly synthesis of the intellectual and religious history of the period illuminates the impact of late medieval ideas on early modern society.

Prelude on the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (October 1520) was the second of the three major treatises published by Martin Luther in 1520, coming after the Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (August 1520) and before On the Freedom of a Christian (November 1520). It was a theological treatise, and as such was published in Latin as well as German, the language in which the treatises were written.In this work Luther examines the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church in the light of his interpretation of the Bible. With regard to the Eucharist, he advocates restoring the cup to the laity, dismisses the Catholic doctrine of Transubstantiation but affirms the real presence of the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist, and rejects the teaching that the Mass is a sacrifice offered to God.

A primer on the the vocabulary, ideas, and works of this leading Renaissance thinker of the fifteenth century who wrote on everything from papal politics to astronomy to interreligious dialogue.

Valla (1407-1457) was the most important theorist of the humanist movement. His most famous work is the present volume, an oration in which Valla uses new philological methods to attack the authenticity of the most important document justifying the papacy's claims to temporal rule.

According to Dom Gregory Dix, the basic shape of the Christian liturgy has remained the same "ever since thirteen men met for supper in an upper room at Jerusalem" some two thousand years ago. According to Martin Connell, the same cannot be said for the liturgical year. The Triduum, or three days of Easter, only emerged in the fourth century. So, too, did Christmas. Earlier, Epiphany was the birthday of the Savior. Although a pre-Easter fast of variable length was observed since earliest times, the precise Forty Day span only appeared, once again, in the fourth century. And that foundational fourth century also saw the beginnings of the observance of Advent, which actually took centuries to catch on. As Connell demonstrates in this fascinating book, the varieties of Christian observance emerged in local communities stretching from Gaul to India and were often born in the struggles that were define orthodoxy and heresy. Eternity Today is a vade mecum for anyone who wishes to observe the liturgical year with intelligent devotion. Throughout, Connell aims to recover the theology and spirituality of the Christian year. As an aid to reflection, he incorporates numerous selections of contemporary poetry, thereby demonstrating how secular poets can often hit upon a point that finds its echo in Christian life and ritual. Eternity Today: The Liturgical Year, Volume 1 covers Advent, Christmas, Epiphany, Candlemas, and Ordinary Time.

Luther can be a forceful teacher of lived religion. He can be a resource for the enrichment of personal spirituality for members of all Christian confessions. Above all, Luther sought to help people be struck personally by the word and work of Christ. So writes Jared Wicks in Luther and His Spiritual Legacy, a work full of citations of Luther's teaching that shows the Reformer treating major issues of Christian living that focus on conversion from self-reliance to trusting God's word of grace. After a concise survey of the world in 1500, Luther's theology of the cross emerges from his interpretation of Psalms and Romans. Once the Reformation reached an initial settlement, Luther produced attractive catechisms to counter ignorance of the Christian basics among the people and their pastors. Luther's many-sided controversial arguments--with Catholic opponents, the Reformation radicals, Erasmus, and Zwingli--were efforts to ward off misconceptions of the central dynamics of Christian conversion. But Luther's later constructive works offer a well-rounded account of life in Christ--characteristically marked by personal certainty ever renewed from God's address, by eruptive spontaneity in doing good, and by dutiful service in one's vocation.