First Published in 1992. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Both James’s life and his literary career might be figured as a double spiral rooted at the one end in the American soil and in romanticism, contracting in its middle on contact with France and French naturalism and expanding again into the Anglo-Saxon world and into the twentieth century. The spiral—which also suggests the artist’s indirect approach to reality—strikes me as an adequate symbol for Henry James. From Bramante’s ramp in the Vatican to F.L. Wright’s in the Guggenheim Museum it has always been the favourite shape of all those who claimed greater freedom for the artist, rejected the fixity of academic rules and were convinced that art, like the spirit of man, is capable of endless progress.

Focusing on James's last three completed novels – The Ambassadors, The Wings of the Dove, and The Golden Bowl – Maya Higashi Wakana shows how a microsociological approach to James's novels radically revises the widespread tradition of putting James's characters into historical and cultural contexts. Wakana begins with the premise that day-to-day living is inherently theatrical and thus duplicitous, and goes on to show that James's art relies significantly on his powerful sense of the agonizing and even dangerous complications of mundane face-to-face rituals that pervade his work. Centrally informed by social thinkers such as G. H. Mead and Erving Goffman, Wakana's study discloses the richness, complexity, and singularity of the interpersonal connections depicted in James's late novels. Persuasively argued, and rich in original close readings, her book makes an important contribution to James's studies and to theories of social interaction.

Analyzing Henry James' conception of civilization as culture and the relationship of this conception to his major works, Berland argues that James brought to his fiction the moral commitment that characterized a Puritan New England and a dedication to the aesthetic culture he found in England and in Europe. He concludes that these commitments provide James with his major themes, characters and fictional techniques and the two immutable Jamesian laws : Europe is better than America, but Americans are better than Europeans.