Proceedings of a NATO ASI held in Cargese, France, August 8-18, 1989

The past decade has seen the development of the operational understanding of fun damental interactions within the standard model. This has detoured our attention from the great enigmas posed by the dynamics and collective behavior of strongly interacting particles. Discovered more than 30 years ago, the thermal nature of the hadronic particle spectra has stimulated considerable theoretical effort, which so far has failed to 'confirm' on the basis of microscopic interactions the origins of this phenomenon. However, a highly successful Statistical Bootstrap Model was developed by Rolf Hagedorn at CERN about 30 years ago, which has led us to consider the 'boiling hadronic matter' as a transient state in the trans formation of hadronic particles into their melted form which we call Quark-GIuon-Plasma (QGP). Today, we return to seek detailed understanding of the thermalization processes of hadronic matter, equipped on the theoretical side with the knowledge of the fundamental strong interaction theory, the quantum chromo-dynamics (QCD), and recognizing the im portant role of the complex QCD-vacuum structure. On the other side, we have developed new experimental tools in the form of nuclear relativistic beams, which allow to create rather extended regions in space-time of Hot Hadronic Matter. The confluence of these new and recent developments in theory and experiment led us to gather together from June 27 to July 1, 1994, at the Grand Hotel in Divonne-Ies-Bains, France, to discuss and expose the open questions and issues in our field.

This is an introductory textbook on amorphous magnets for students and scientists in physics and materials science. Basic physical arguments are given and experimental data are systematically collected and discussed. The book deals mostly with the qualitative and semiquantitative aspects of materials that can be deduced, in a relatively simple way, from the fundamental equations of solid state physics.

This book originated in the Workshop on "Hadronic Matter at Extreme Energy Density," held at the Ettore Majorana Center in Erice, October 13-21, 1978. The lectures have been expanded to their present size, and the contributions of seven seminars have been represented by abstracts which should stimulate the reader's interest and guide him to the original literature. The title of the book perhaps does not fully represent its content but still is a good indication of the conceptual motiva tion of our Workshop. The development of physics in recent years has filled in the first details of the grand design which was initiated with the theory of general relativity and aspires to a synthesis of all the different interactions. However, this development has not been a linear one but .has followed a divided pattern: general relativity had its phenomenological domain in cosmology and had little to do with high-energy elementary particle physics. It was progress in the knowledge of symmetries in particle physics that fueled the advance toward the present formulation of supergravity, thus help ing to heal this historical separation. The great program would not have advanced so far if our attention had all the time stayed focused at infinity, where the great issues are.

In particle physics a hadron is a composite particle made of quarks held together by the strong force (in a similar way as molecules are held together by the electromagnetic force). Hadrons are categorized into two families: 1) baryons, made of three quarks; and 2) mesons, made of one quark and one antiquark. Protons and neutrons are examples of baryons and pions are an example of a meson. Hadrons containing more than three valence quarks (exotic hadrons) have been discovered in recent years. A tetraquark state (an exotic meson), named the Z(4430), was discovered in 2007 by the Belle Collaboration and con rmed as a resonance in 2014 by the LHCb collaboration. Two pentaquark states (exotic baryons), named P+c (4380) and P+c (4450), were discovered in 2015 by the LHCb collaboration. There are several more exotic hadron candidates, and other colour-singlet quark combinations may also exist. Of the hadrons, protons are stable, and neutrons bound within atomic nuclei are stable. Other hadrons are unstable under ordinary conditions and free neutrons decay with a half-life of about 611seconds. Experimentally, hadron physics is studied by colliding protons ornuclei of heavy elements such as lead, and detecting the debris produced in the resulting particle showers. This book gives an concise overview of Hadronic Matter."

The main purpose of this book is to present, in a comprehensive and progressive way, the appearance of universal limit probability laws in physics, and their connection with the recently developed scaling theory of fluctuations. Arising from the probability theory and renormalization group methods, this novel approach has been proved recently to provide efficient investigative tools for the collective features that occur in any finite system.The mathematical background is self-contained and is formulated in terms which are easy to apply to the physical context. After illustrating the problem of anomalous diffusion, the book reviews recent advances in nuclear and high energy physics, where the limit laws are now recognized as being able to classify different phases of a system undergoing the pseudo-critical behaviour. A new description of the hadronic matter in terms of the fluctuation scaling is appearing as a consequence of this approach.

Explores the field of hadron physics and hadronic matter pertaining to neutron stars. The articles in this volume discuss recent developments with a pedagogical introduction. The book will be useful to graduate students, as well as researchers and teachers in the field of nuclear physics, particle physics and astrophysics.

This proceedings volume discusses recent developments in the physics of strongly interacting systems, with emphasis on matter under extreme conditions that are possibly encountered in astrophysical phenomena and relativistic heavy-ion collisions.