This open access book is an outcome of the collaboration between the Soil and Water Management & Crop Nutrition Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria, and Dr. Shabbir A Shahid, Senior Salinity Management Expert, Freelancer based in United Arab Emirates.The objective of this book is to develop protocols for salinity and sodicity assessment and develop mitigation and adaptation measures to use saline and sodic soils sustainably. The focus is on important issues related to salinity and sodicity and to describe these in an easy and user friendly way. The information has been compiled from the latest published literature and from the authors’ publications specific to the subject matter. The book consists of six chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the terms salinity and sodicity and describes various salinity classification systems commonly used around the world. Chapter 2 reviews global distribution of salinization and socioeconomic aspects related to salinity and crop production. Chapters 3 covers comprehensively salinity and sodicity adaptation and mitigation options including physical, chemical, hydrological and biological methods. Chapter 4 discusses the efforts that have been made to demonstrate the development of soil salinity zones under different irrigation systems. Chapter 5 discusses the quality of irrigation water, boron toxicity and relative tolerance to boron, the effects of chlorides on crops. Chapter 6 introduces the role of nuclear techniques in saline agriculture.

This open access book is an outcome of the collaboration between the Soil and Water Management & Crop Nutrition Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria, and Dr. Shabbir A Shahid, Senior Salinity Management Expert, Freelancer based in United Arab Emirates.The objective of this book is to develop protocols for salinity and sodicity assessment and develop mitigation and adaptation measures to use saline and sodic soils sustainably. The focus is on important issues related to salinity and sodicity and to describe these in an easy and user friendly way. The information has been compiled from the latest published literature and from the authors' publications specific to the subject matter. The book consists of six chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the terms salinity and sodicity and describes various salinity classification systems commonly used around the world. Chapter 2 reviews global distribution of salinization and socioeconomic aspects related to salinity and crop production. Chapters 3 covers comprehensively salinity and sodicity adaptation and mitigation options including physical, chemical, hydrological and biological methods. Chapter 4 discusses the efforts that have been made to demonstrate the development of soil salinity zones under different irrigation systems. Chapter 5 discusses the quality of irrigation water, boron toxicity and relative tolerance to boron, the effects of chlorides on crops. Chapter 6 introduces the role of nuclear techniques in saline agriculture. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.

This book contains both practical and theoretical aspects of groundwater resources relating to geochemistry. Focusing on recent research in groundwater resources, this book helps readers to understand the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater resources. Dealing primarily with the sources of ions in groundwater, the book describes geogenic and anthropogenic input of ions into water. Different organic, inorganic and emerging contamination and salinity problems are described, along with pollution-related issues affecting groundwater. New trends in groundwater contamination remediation measures are included, which will be particularly useful to researchers working in the field of water conservation. The book also contains diverse groundwater modelling examples, enabling a better understanding of water-related issues and their management. Groundwater Geochemistry: Pollution and Remediation offers the reader: An understanding of the quantitative and qualitative challenges of groundwater resources An introduction to the environmental geochemistry of groundwater resources A survey of groundwater pollution-related issues Recent trends in groundwater conservation and remediation Mathematical and statistical modeling related to groundwater resources Students, lecturers and researchers working in the fields of hydrogeochemistry, water pollution and groundwater will find Groundwater Geochemistry an essential companion.

The threats posed by salt-affected soils to global food security are dire. According to the recent Global salt-affected soils map, over 424 million hectares of topsoil (0–30 cm) and 833 million hectares of subsoil (30–100 cm) are currently salt-affected. This practical guide to soil and water management in salt-affected areas provides vital information to farmers dealing with salinity and sodicity issues on their farms and assists them in following suggested practices to mitigate or/and to adapt to these unfavourable conditions without compromising further losses in yields.

Water resources are under tremendous pressure due to growing demand, climate change and anthropogenic pollution in Lebanon. Rapidly declining water quality is a key indicator of the water resource degradation that characterizes now both the freshwater and marine environment across the country. The project “Improved Water Resources Monitoring System/Integrated Water Resources Management at regional level in Lebanon”, funded by the Swiss Government, is designed to establish a comprehensive water monitoring system in the North of Lebanon with the overall objective to strengthen the capacity of Lebanon’s water institutions and improving their performance at regional level, thereby helping them address the sector challenges for sustainable use of water resources. The term 'comprehensive monitoring system' refers to the integrated information generation, capturing quantity, quality and demand of agricultural water, as well as the climate parameters. The project outcome is a timely contribution to the water sector development in Lebanon, which is now encountering a period of unprecedented difficulties, aggravated by the economic crisis.

This book contains both practical and theoretical aspects of groundwater resources relating to geochemistry. Focusing on recent research in groundwater resources, this book helps readers to understand the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater resources. Dealing primarily with the sources of ions in groundwater, the book describes geogenic and anthropogenic input of ions into water. Different organic, inorganic and emerging contamination and salinity problems are described, along with pollution-related issues affecting groundwater. New trends in groundwater contamination remediation measures are included, which will be particularly useful to researchers working in the field of water conservation. The book also contains diverse groundwater modelling examples, enabling a better understanding of water-related issues and their management. Groundwater Geochemistry: Pollution and Remediation offers the reader: An understanding of the quantitative and qualitative challenges of groundwater resources An introduction to the environmental geochemistry of groundwater resources A survey of groundwater pollution-related issues Recent trends in groundwater conservation and remediation Mathematical and statistical modeling related to groundwater resources Students, lecturers and researchers working in the fields of hydrogeochemistry, water pollution and groundwater will find Groundwater Geochemistry an essential companion.

In the era of climate change, the resilience of crop plants is vital for global food security. Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants - Ecophysiological Responses and Molecular Approaches addresses the challenges posed by stressors like extreme temperatures, drought, salinity, and flooding. This comprehensive volume features 13 chapters that explore ecophysiology and plant responses to environmental stress, adaptation mechanisms, strategies plants use to survive under adverse conditions, and genetic and molecular bases of stress tolerance. By integrating these areas, the book offers a holistic view of plant responses to abiotic stress, compiling recent advancements and cutting-edge research. It is an essential resource for scientists, researchers, and students dedicated to enhancing crop resilience and promoting sustainable agriculture.

In the vast expanse of human endeavor, few pursuits have shaped our civilization and sustained our existence as profoundly as agriculture. From the earliest days of cultivating wild grains to the modern marvels of precision farming and agroecology, agriculture has woven itself into the very fabric of our societies, economies, and cultures. It is a journey that spans centuries, continents, and cultures, and yet, its story is far from monolithic. "Seeding the Future: Multifaceted Agriculture Perspectives" is a tribute to the intricate tapestry of agriculture, showcasing the diverse viewpoints that enrich this vital field. This collection of essays, insights, and analyses brings together a chorus of voices – farmers and scientists, historians and innovators, environmentalists and policymakers – each contributing a unique thread to the narrative of agriculture. While the world grapples with the challenges of feeding a growing population, conserving natural resources, and adapting to a changing climate, it is imperative that we draw upon a wealth of perspectives to illuminate the path forward. Within these pages, readers will find not only an exploration of the present challenges and opportunities but also a reflection on the lessons from the past that can guide our actions in the future. With every turn of the page, we invite you to explore the intricate mosaic of agricultural perspectives that together form a tapestry of hope, resilience, and growth. The seeds of the future are sown within these words, waiting to take root in the fertile soil of your imagination. Welcome to a journey that spans fields, continents, and viewpoints – welcome to "Seeding the Future: Multifaceted Agriculture Perspectives." Happy reading! T. POOVARASAN G. YAZHINI R. ABISHEK T. ILAKIYA

Today, relevant data are typically delivered to cloud-based servers for storing and analysis in order to extract key features and enable enhanced applications beyond the basic transmission of raw data and to realize the possibilities associated with the impending Internet of Things (IoT). To allow for quicker, more efficient, and expanded privacy-preserving services, a new trend called Fog Computing has emerged: moving these responsibilities to the network's edge. Traditional centralized cloud computing paradigms confront new problems posed by IoT application growth, including high latency, limited storage, and outages due to a lack of available resources. Fog Computing puts the cloud and IoT devices closer together to address these issues. Instead of sending IoT data to the cloud, the fog processes and stores it locally at IoT devices. Unlike the cloud, fog-based services have a faster reaction time and better quality overall. Fog Computing, Cloud Computing, and their connectivity with the IoT are discussed in this book, with an emphasis on the advantages and implementation issues. It also explores the various architectures and appropriate IoT applications. Fog Computing, Cloud Computing, and Internet of Things are being suggested as potential research directions. Features: A systematic overview of the state-of-the-art in Cloud Computing, Fog Computing, and Internet of Things Recent research results and some pointers to future advancements in architectures and methodologies Detailed examples from clinical studies using several different data sets