This book contains research findings from three major study areas, natural sciences, social sciences, and public policy and management. The focus area extends over geographical zones ranging from mountainous area of Mount Gagau in the Taman Negara National Park, down to the coastal islands of Bidong, Redang and Perhentian on the eastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Chapters on natural sciences examine the physicochemical characteristics of water, physiological and ecological constraints to geological and climatological aspects. The social science and management chapters observe the rich ethno-heritage of local communities and how they interact and develop as a culture, and public policy for sustainable management. Viewpoints from political science, history, sociology, economics, anthropology and management science are also taken into account. This book is intended for researchers and graduate students to create an understanding of the rich heritage, while policy makers plan for future generations. Readers will benefit from this book by studying the gaps in the current knowledge and move to develop further research to understand the unexplored forest canopies and the dynamics of the changing Greater Kenyir landscapes.

Comprising of 18 sub-ethnic groups the indigenous communities, or better known as the Orang Asli, located in the Peninsular Malaysia, is a unique community in terms of their culture, lifestyle, and heritage. The life of the Orang Asli, popularly referred to as the Forest People, is highly intertwined with forest resources which makes the community a great source of information and traditional knowledge, particularly in the use of medicinal plants. This book covers three important issues to explain and gain insights into the sustainability of the Orang Asli: Social and demographics Sustainability of resource use Governance, administration and management The book presents research to help bridge the gaps and provides a baseline reference for further research regarding the sustainability of the Orang Asli. This book is intended for researchers and graduate students to help gain an understanding of the Orang Asli. By highlighting the plight of Orang Asli the authors hope that this community will be recognised and become a part of society. More research is required to help the 178,197 Orang Asli achieve the sustainable development goals for their community in the Peninsular Malaysia.

This book presents selected articles from the 4th International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering 2021, held in Malaysia. Written by leading researchers and industry professionals, the papers highlight recent advances and addresses current issues in the fields of civil engineering and architecture.

In this Research Topic, we plan to assess the interface of conservation and science, looking at the various aspects of tiger conservation by assessing what advances have been made in each relevant field, where are the limitations, and what does the data show us about successes and failures in conserving tigers, their prey and their habitat. Through a series of multiple-authored papers, we plan to explore the realms of tiger and prey monitoring, law enforcement, habitat restoration efforts, human-tiger conflicts, landscape connectivity and ultimately how tiger conservation strategies have evolved and emerged leading up to the present. Coming at this critical time – with 2022 being the Year of the Tiger and the end of a 12-year pledge by Tiger Range Countries to double tiger numbers - this Research Topic will provide a landmark publication reflecting back on the past 12 (and more) years of tiger conservation and research, and laying the foundation for the coming twelve years. While the focus is on tigers, the studies will have wide application to efforts to conserve other large-bodied carnivores. In 2010, the lunar year of the tiger, a “Tiger Summit” was held in the Russian city of St. Petersburg, where 13 Tiger Range Countries pledged to double tiger numbers by the next lunar year of the tiger in 2022. The science of tiger conservation has developed in multiple ways over the past twelve years. As we approach this benchmark, when tiger range countries will be reporting on their past efforts and planning for the next twelve years, it is important to assess what has been accomplished, and what yet needs to be done; where there have been successes, and what has not worked. This is why it is particularly important to employ a science-based approach to conservation, something that is not universally adopted by tiger conservation advocates, but which we, as editors of this collection consider central to successful tiger conservation. This Research Topic will lay the foundation for effective science-based conservation of tigers for the next twelve years. In 2021 a collection of representatives from the international tiger conservation community developed a “joint NGO vision” of priorities in tiger conservation for the coming twelve years. In this Research Topic we plan to focus on the critical issues for global tiger conservation as identified by this international group. This topic will discuss these issues and highlight how they have been addressed in diverse tiger landscapes, including both successes and failures. Our goal is to provide a foundation and structure for site-based tiger conservation actions within, and beyond, the next 12-year lunar cycle. This Research Topic was conceptualized and launched by Dale Miquelle, Thomas Gray, Luke Hunter, Abishek Harihar, John Goodrich and Matthew Linkie, in collaboration with Frontiers, to focus on: • The Convergence of Site-based tiger conservation strategies • Opportunities for restoration of tigers across their historical range • Recovery of tigers in Thailand’s tiger conservation landscapes (what works). • An integrated law enforcement approach for protecting tigers and their prey in Sumatra. • Cost of ranger protection for tiger protected area. • Evaluating a site-based enforcement strategy, Malaysia. • Beyond density: better indicators for tiger monitoring. • Prey Recovery is the foundation of tiger restoration. • Resolving human-tiger conflicts. • Community-based tiger conservation: Can it work? • Ensuring connectivity of tiger conservation landscapes. • Emerging infectious disease threats. • Tiger conservation and global/regional initiatives.

Marking the Land investigates how hunter-gatherers use physical landscape markers and environmental management to impose meaning on the spaces they occupy. The land is full of meaning for hunter-gatherers. Much of that meaning is inherent in natural phenomena, but some of it comes from modifications to the landscape that hunter-gatherers themselves make. Such alterations may be intentional or unintentional, temporary or permanent, and they can carry multiple layers of meaning, ranging from practical signs that provide guidance and information through to less direct indications of identity or abstract, highly symbolic signs of sacred or ceremonial significance. This volume investigates the conditions which determine the investment of time and effort in physical landscape marking by hunter-gatherers, and the factors which determine the extent to which these modifications are symbolically charged. Considering hunter-gatherer groups of varying sociocultural complexity and scale, Marking the Land provides a systematic consideration of this neglected aspect of hunter-gatherer adaptation and the varied environments within which they live.

This book gathers the latest research, innovations, and applications in the field of civil engineering, as presented by leading national and international academics, researchers, engineers, and postgraduate students at the AWAM International Conference on Civil Engineering 2019 (AICCE’19), held in Penang, Malaysia on August 21-22, 2019. The book covers highly diverse topics in the main fields of civil engineering, including structural and earthquake engineering, environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, highway and transportation engineering, water resources engineering, and geomatic and construction management. In line with the conference theme, “Transforming the Nation for a Sustainable Tomorrow”, which relates to the United Nations’ 17 Global Goals for Sustainable Development, it highlights important elements in the planning and development stages to establish design standards beneficial to the environment and its surroundings. The contributions introduce numerous exciting ideas that spur novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaborations between various specialists in the field of civil engineering.

A synthesis of tropical freshwater systems which illustrates the basic theory of freshwater biology.